Anticandidal activity of some plant extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/cb.2023.v14.8305Keywords:
Candida albicans, Antifungal activity, Plant extractsAbstract
Candidiasis, especially by Candida albicans is the most prevalent disease over the years. To control the infection, several synthetic drugs and their formulations have been applied. Although antifungals are quite effective in treating candidiasis, long term use has been reported to have side effects. Nevertheless, it has other drawbacks such as efficiency as well as cost, recurrence of the infection, emergences of resistant strains etc. Thus, plant based natural compounds are being investigated for their antifungal activity. In the present study, five different plant extracts assessed exhibited retardation of growth and protease production (molar concentration) in C. albicans. The mycelia form of the organism showed growth resistance to tested plant extracts than the yeast extract form which conferred the higher pathogenicity of the mycelia form. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each plant extract was experimentally evidenced with the oil obtained from the seeds of Pongamia glabrata showed the MIC values at the lowest concentration (20-30 μL/mL), followed by seed oil of Azadirachta indica and Ricinus communis. The order of candidostatic efficacy of the various oils was observed to be: Pongamia > Azadirachta > Ricinus > Eucalyptus > Curcuma. These findings have paved the way for further investigation of plant based antifungal agents and their clinical appropriateness for the treatment of Candidiasis.
Downloads
References
Agarwal, V., Lal, P., & Pruthi, V. (2010). Effect of plant oils on Candida albicans. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 43(5), 447-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60069-2
Ahlem, S., Khaled, H., Wafa, M., Sofiane, B., Mohamed, D., Jean-Claude, M., & Abdelfattah, E. F. (2009). Oral administration of Eucalyptus globulus extract reduces the alloxan-induced oxidative stress in rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 181(1), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.006
Ahmad, I., & Beg, A. Z. (2001). Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00335-4
Akinyemi, K. O., Oladapo, O., Okwara, C. E., Ibe, C. C., & Fasure, K. A. (2005). Screening of crude extracts of six medicinal plants used in South-West Nigerian unorthodox medicine for anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-5-6
Al-Abdalall, A. H. A. (2016). Effect of plants extracts on the growth of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(16), 337-345. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2016.4522
Anson, M. L. (1938). The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin. Journal of General Physiology, 22(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.22.1.79
Arendrup, M. C., & Patterson, T. F. (2017). Multidrug-resistant Candida: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and treatment. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 216(S3), S445-S451. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix131
Babaii, N., & Zamaninejad, S. (2016). Inhibitory Effect of Curcumin on Candida albicans compared with Nystatin: an in-vitro Study. Journal of Dental Materials and Techniques, 5(4), 196-201. https://doi.org/10.22038/jdmt.2016.7611
Ballal, M. (2006). Screening of medicinal plants used in rural folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea. Pharmaceutical Reviews.
Barry, K. M., Davies, N. W., & Mohammed, C. L. (2001). Identification of hydrolysable tannins in the reaction zone of Eucalyptus nitens wood by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 12(2), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.548
Bhaumik, A., Swapna, M., Sucharitha, M., Sravya, S., Lavanya, M., & Ahmed, S. M. (2014). Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of various extracts of castor fruit-seeds (Ricinus communis L). International Journal of Information Research and Review, 1(10), 124-127.
Bhawana, Basniwal, R. K., Buttar, H. S., Jain, V. K., & Jain, N. (2011). Curcumin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(5), 2056-2061. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104402t
Bokaeian, M., Nakhaee, A., Moodi, B., & Khazaei, H. A. (2010). Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) treatment of candidiasis in normal and diabetic rats. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 14(3), 121-126.
Chen, E., Benso, B., Seleem, D., Ferreira, L. E. N., Pasetto, S., Pardi, V., & Murata, R. M. (2018). Fungal-host interaction: curcumin modulates proteolytic enzyme activity of Candida albicans and inflammatory host response in vitro. International Journal of Dentistry, 2018, 2393146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2393146
Dahikar, S. B., & Bhutada, S. A. (2017). Evaluation of antifungal properties of leaves of Pongamia pinnata Linn. (fabaceae). Pharmacology Online, 2, 40-44.
Dasgupta, T., Banerjee, S., Yadava, P. K., & Rao, A. R. (2004). Chemopreventive potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract in murine carcinogenesis model systems. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.004
Doddanna, S. J., Patel, S., Sundarrao, M. A., & Veerabhadrappa, R. S. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 24(4), 401-405.
Ebrahimy, F., Dolatian, M., Moatar, F., & Majd, H. A. (2015). Comparison of the therapeutic effects of Garcin® and fluconazole on Candida vaginitis. Singapore Medical Journal, 56(10), 567-572. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2015153
Elaissi, A., Rouis, Z., Salem, N. A. B., Mabrouk, S., ben Salem, Y., Salah, K. B. H., Aouni, M., Farhat, F., Chemli, R., Harzallah-Skhiri, F., & Khouja, M. L. (2012). Chemical composition of 8 Eucalyptus species' essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. BMC complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-81
Fomchenkov, V. M., Kholodenko, V. P., Irkhina, I. A., & Petrunina, T. A. (1998). Effect of water pollution by oil and oil products on barrier functions of bacterial cell cytoplasmic membranes. Mikrobiologiia, 67(3), 333-337.
Guevara-Lora, I., Bras, G., Karkowska-Kuleta, J., González-González, M., Ceballos, K., Sidlo, W., & Rapala-Kozik, M. (2020). Plant-derived substances in the fight against infections caused by Candida species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176131
Gupta, A., Mahajan, S., & Sharma, R. (2015). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Biotechnology Reports, 6, 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.02.001
Gupta, S. C., Patchva, S., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2013). Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. The AAPS Journal, 15, 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8
Haba, E., Bouhdid, S., Torrego-Solana, N., Marqués, A. M., Espuny, M. J., García-Celma, M. J., & Manresa, A. (2014). Rhamnolipids as emulsifying agents for essential oil formulations: antimicrobial effect against Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 476(1-2), 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.039
Hani, U., & Shivakumar, H. G. (2014). Solubility enhancement and delivery systems of curcumin a herbal medicine: a review. Current Drug Delivery, 11(6), 792-804. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201811666140825130003
Hoseini, F. H., Zahmatkesh, M., & Haghighi M. (2010). A Review on pharmacological effects of Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(33), 1-15.
Huang, L., Zhang, J., Song, T., Yuan, L., Zhou, J., Yin, H., He, T., Gao, W., Sun, Y., Hu, X., & Huang, H. (2016). Antifungal curcumin promotes chitin accumulation associated with decreased virulence of Sporothrix schenckii. International Immunopharmacology, 34, 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.010
Jeyaseelan, E. C., & Jashothan, P. J. (2012). In vitro control of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by Ricinus communis L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(9), 717-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60216-0
Lans, C. (2007). Comparison of plants used for skin and stomach problems in Trinidad and Tobago with Asian ethnomedicine. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-3
Lilly, V. G., & Barnett, H. L. (1951). Physiology of the Fungi. London, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
Lis-Balchin, M., Hart, S. L., & Deans, S. G. (2000). Pharmacological and antimicrobial studies on different tea‐tree oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Leptospermum scoparium or Manuka and Kunzea ericoides or Kanuka), originating in Australia and New Zealand. Phytotherapy Research, 14(8), 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<623::AID-PTR763>3.0.CO;2-Z
Lu, W.-D., Qin, Y., Yang, C., Li, L., & Fu, Z.-X. (2013). Effect of curcumin on human colon cancer multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Clinics, 68(5), 694-701. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(05)18
Mahmoud, D. A., Hassanein, N. M., Youssef, K. A., & Zeid, M. A. A. (2011). Antifungal activity of different neem leaf extracts and the nimonol against some important human pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42(3), 1007-1016. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000300021
Martins, C. V. B., da Silva, D. L., Neres, A. T. M., Magalhaes, T. F. F., Watanabe, G. A., Modolo, L. V., Sabina, A. A., de Fátima, Â., & de Resende, M. A. (2009). Curcumin as a promising antifungal of clinical interest. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(2), 337-339. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn488
Matthews, R. C. (1994). Pathogenicity determinants of Candida albicans: potential targets for immunotherapy? Microbiology, 140(7), 1505-1511. https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-140-7-1505
Molina, J. M. H., Losá, J., Brocal, A. M., & Ventosa, A. (1992). In vitro activity of cloconazole, sulconazole, butoconazole, isoconazole, fenticonazole, and five other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida spp. Mycopathologia, 118, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00472565
More, D. R., & Baig, M. M. V. (2013). Fungitoxic properties of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre extracts against pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 4(4), 560-567.
Murugesh, J., Annigeri, R. G., Mangala, G. K., Mythily, P. H., & Chandrakala, J. (2019). Evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of different concentrations of Curcuma longa on Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 23(2), 305.
Nosratzehi, T., Nosratzehi, M., Nosratzehi, S., & Lotfi, F. (2019). The comparison of the effect of curcumin with nystatin on inhibition level of Candida albicans. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 11, 93-97. https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S215843
Odds, F. C. (1994). Laboratory evaluation of antifungal agents in vitro. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 3(S2), S90-S96.
Polaquini, S. R. B., Svidzinski, T. I. E., Kemmelmeier, C., & Gasparetto, A. (2006). Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans. Archives of Oral Biology, 51(6), 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.11.007
Poonam, K., & Pratap, S. K. (2012). Antimicrobial activities of Ricinus communis against some human pathogens. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(7), 209-210.
Rashmi, Pathak, D. V., & Kumar, R. (2019). Effect of Ricinus communis L on Microorganisms: Advantages and Disadvantages. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(4), 878-884. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.099
Sa, G., Das, T., Banerjee, S., & Chakraborty, J. B. (2010). Curcumin: from exotic spice to modern anticancer drug. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(1), 21-37.
Salari, M. H., Amine, G., Shirazi, M. H., Hafezi, R., & Mohammadypour, M. (2006). Antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on pathogenic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 12(2), 194-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01284.x
Sartorelli, P., Marquioreto, A. D., Amaral‐Baroli, A., Lima, M. E. L., & Moreno, P. R. H. (2007). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Eucalyptus. Phytotherapy Research, 21(3), 231-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2051
Sati, S. C., & Joshi, S. (2011). Aspects of antifungal potential of ethnobotanically known medicinal plants. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(4), 377-391.
Sharma, M., Manoharlal, R., Negi, A. S., & Prasad, R. (2010). Synergistic anticandidal activity of pure polyphenol curcumin I in combination with azoles and polyenes generates reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis. FEMS Yeast Research, 10(5), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00637.x
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J. A. M., & Poolman, B. (1995). Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiological Reviews, 59(2), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.2.201-222.1995
Silva, F. D. S., Landell, M. F., Paulino, G. V. B., Coutinho, H. D. M., & Albuquerque, U. P. (2020). Antifungal activity of selected plant extracts based on an ethnodirected study. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 34(2), 442-448. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062020abb0003
Soares, I. H., Loreto, É. S., Rossato, L., Mario, D. N., Venturini, T. P., Baldissera, F., Santurio, J. M., & Alves, S. H. (2015). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and-sensitive Candida glabrata. Journal de Mycologie Medicale, 25(3), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.06.003
Soliman, S. S. M., Semreen, M. H., El-Keblawy, A. A., Abdullah, A., Uppuluri, P., & Ibrahim, A. S. (2017). Assessment of herbal drugs for promising anti-Candida activity. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1760-x
Souza, N. A. B., Lima, E. D. O., Guedes, D. N., Pereira, F. D. O., Souza, E. L. D., & Sousa, F. B. D. (2010). Efficacy of Origanum essential oils for inhibition of potentially pathogenic fungi. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46(3), 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502010000300013
Subapriya, R., & Nagini, S. (2005). Medicinal properties of neem leaves: A review. Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents, 5(2), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568011053174828
Suurbaar, J., Mosobil, R., & Donkor, A.-M. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of Ricinus communis against selected pathogens. BMC Research Notes, 10, 660. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2
Usha, P. (2017). Antifungal activity of karanja (Pongamia glabra) on medically important clinical isolates of Candida fungi. International Journal of Applied Ayurved Research, 3(1), 43- 47.
Varadarajan, S., Narasimhan, M., Malaisamy, M., & Duraipandian, C. (2015). Invitro anti-mycotic activity of hydro alcoholic extracts of some indian medicinal plants against fluconazole resistant Candida albicans. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(8), ZC07-ZC10. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/14178.6273
Venugopal, P. V., & Venugopal, T. V. (1994). Antidermatophytic activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves in vitro. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 26, 141-143.
Vigo, E., Cepeda, A., Perez‐Fernandez, R., & Gualillo, O. (2004). In‐vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A.1 murine macrophages. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(2), 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022665
Zervos, M., & Meunier, F. (1993). Fluconazole (Diflucan®): a review. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 3(3), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-8579(93)90009-T
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Aparna Das
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
.