GC-MS-based metabolomics analysis unravels the therapeutic potential of Neolamarckia cadamba fruit peel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jp.2022.v14.7934Keywords:
Fruit peel, GC-MS, Metabolites, Neolamarckia cadamba, Therapeutic compoundsAbstract
Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) is an evergreen tropical tree widely grown in Asia, particularly in India. Neolamarckia cadamba commonly known as kadam, cadamba or burflower tree. The roots, leaves, barks, and fruits of N. cadamba possess medicinal properties and are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Fruit peels are the main waste and may contain various biologically active compounds. However, no prior knowledge about the therapeutic compounds of the peel. The objective of the present study was to unveil therapeutic compounds from the peel by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics analysis. Metabolites from the kadam fruit peel were isolated and derivatized using MSTFA, characterized by the GC-MS analysis. Raw spectral data were pre-processed, and peak identification was performed using SHIMADZU Postrun analyse software. The metabolites in N. cadamba fruit peel were identified by comparing the peaks with the mass spectral reference database NIST v20. The results showed that the peel of kadam fruit contains 149 metabolites, which were further categorized into 46 different metabolite classes, with 52 different metabolic pathways and 63 biological functions. The principal roles of the metabolites were identified by functional annotation and enrichment analysis. It revealed that metabolites were responsible for anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. In summary, the peel of kadam fruit also contains various therapeutic compounds like other cadamba parts (i.e., roots, leaves, barks, and fruits). Further, comparing the peel with other parts discloses the peel-specific metabolites. The results obtained in this study could be useful for the pharmaceutical industry.
Downloads
References
Acharyya, S., Rathore, D. S., Kumar, H. K. S., & Panda, N. (2011). Screening of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. root for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(1), 297-300.
Ahmed, F., Rahman, S., Ahmed, N., Hossain, M., Biswas, A., Sarkar, S., Banna, H., Khatun, A., Chowdhury, M. H., & Rahmatullah, M. (2011). Evaluation of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(1), 79-81. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60549
Alam, M. A., Akter, R., Subhan, N., Rahman, M. M., Majumder, M. M., Nahar, L., & Sarker, S. D. (2008). Anti-diarrhoeal property of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 18(2), 155-159.
Ambujakshi, H. R., Antony, S. T., Kanchana, Y., Riddhi, P., Heena, T., & Shyamnanda (2009). Analgesic activity of Anthocephalus cadamba leaf extract. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2(8), 1279-1280.
Bachhav, R. S., Buchake, V. V., & Saudagar, R. B. (2009). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Anthocephalu scadamba roxb. leaves in wistar rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2(1), 164-167.
Bae, J., Kim, N., Shin, Y., Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, Y.-J. (2020). Activity of catechins and their applications. Biomedical Dermatology, 4, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-020-0057-8
Bandyopadhyay, S., & Mukherjee, S. K. (2009). Wild edible plants of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal. Natural Product Radiance, 8(1), 64-72.
Bartoli, F., Cavaleri, D., Bachi, B., Moretti, F., Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., & Carrà, G. (2021). Repurposed drugs as adjunctive treatments for mania and bipolar depression: A meta-review and critical appraisal of meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.018
Bates, S. H., Jones, R. B., & Bailey, C. J. (2000). Insulin‐like effect of pinitol. British Journal of Pharmacology, 130(8), 1944-1948. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703523
Benjamin, J., Levine, J., Fux, M., Aviv, A., Levy, D., & Belmaker, R. (1995). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(7), 1084-1086. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.7.1084
Bussa, S. K., & Jyothi, P. (2010). Antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Neolamarckia cadamba in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2(2), 314-324.
Divyakant, A. P., Vinay, C. D., Aditi, H. B., Kaushik, R. P., & Rakshit, S. N. (2011). Evaluation of antifungal activity of Neolamarckia cadamba (roxb.) bosser leaf and bark extract. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(5), 192-193.
Djoumbou Feunang, Y., Eisner, R., Knox, C., Chepelev, L., Hastings, J., Owen, G., Fahy, E., Steinbeck, C., Subramanian, S., & Bolton, E., Greiner, R., & Wishart, D. S. (2016). ClassyFire: automated chemical classification with a comprehensive, computable taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 8, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y
Goyal, A. K., Bhat, M., Sharma, M., Garg, M., Khairwa, A., & Garg, R. (2017). Effect of green tea mouth rinse on Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva in children: An in vivo study. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 35(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.199227
Hossain, A., Yamaguchi, F., Hirose, K., Matsunaga, T., Sui, L., Hirata, Y., Noguchi, C., Katagi, A., Kamitori, K., Dong, Y., Tsukamoto, I., & Tokuda, M. (2015). Rare sugar D-psicose prevents progression and development of diabetes in T2DM model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 525-535. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S71289
Ide, K., Yamada, H., Matsushita, K., Ito, M., Nojiri, K., Toyoizumi, K., Matsumoto, K., & Sameshima, Y. (2014). Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection in high school students: A randomized controlled study. PLoS One, 9(5), e96373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096373
Kapil, A., Koul, I., & Suri, O. P. (1995). Antihepatotoxic effects of chlorogenic acid from Anthocephalus cadamba. Phytotherapy Research, 9(3), 189-193. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090307
Kumar, A. N., Jeyalalitha, T., Murugan, K., & Madhiyazhagan, P. (2013). Bioefficacy of plant-mediated gold nanoparticles and Anthocepholus cadamba on filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 112(3), 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3232-z
Kumar, A., Chowdhury, S. R., Jatte, K. K., Chakrabarti, T., Majumder, H. K., Jha, T., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2015). Anthocephaline, a new indole alkaloid and cadambine, a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase IB of Leishmaniadonovani (LdTOP1LS), isolated from Anthocephalus cadamba. Natural Product Communications, 10(2), 297-299.
Kumar, V., Mahdi, F., Chander, R., Singh, R., Mahdi, A. A., Khanna, A. K., Bhatt, S., Kushwaha, R. S., Jawad, K., Saxena, J. K., & Singh, R. K. (2010). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Anthocephalus indicus (Kadam) root extract. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 47(2), 104-109.
Lisec, J., Schauer, N., Kopka, J., Willmitzer, L., & Fernie, A. R. (2006). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry–based metabolite profiling in plants. Nature Protocols, 1(1), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.59
López-Ibañez Infante, J. (2021). New methodologies for analyzing metabolomic data. Doctoral Thesis, University of Madrid.
Malothu, R., Mathala, N., Adarsh, G., & Rao, D. M. (2012). Hepatoprotective activity and anti-oxidant activity of Anthocephalus indicus in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 3(3), 245-248.
Mishra, R. P., & Siddique, L. (2011). Antibacterial Properties of Anthocephalus cadamba Fruits. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 1(2), 1-7.
Mondal, S., Dash, G. K., Acharyya, A., Acharyya, S., & Sharma, H. P. (2009). Studies on diuretic and laxative activity of bark extracts of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. Drug Invention Today, 1(1), 78-80.
Nangare, S., Vispute, Y., Tade, R., Dugam, S., & Patil, P. (2021). Pharmaceutical applications of citric acid. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00203-9
Narzary, H., Brahma, S., & Basumatary, S. (2013). Wild edible vegetables consumed by BodoTribe of Kokrajhar District (Assam), North-East India. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5(5), 182-190.
Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., Ahmad, F., Babazadeh, D., FangFang, X., Modarresi-Ghazani, F., WenHua, L., & XiaoHui, Z. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064
Ohmori, Y., Ito, M., Kishi, M., Mizutani, H., Katada, T., & Konishi, H. (1995). Antiallergic constituents from oolong tea stem. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 18(5), 683-686. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.683
Pal, I., Majumdar, A., Khaled, K. L., & Datta, S. (2014). Quantitative estimation of some essential minerals in the fruit of Neolamarckia cadamba. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9(6), 20-22.
Pandey, A., & Negi, P. S. (2016). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Neolamarckia cadamba: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 181, 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.036
Pang, S. L., Ho, W. S., Mat-Isa, M. N., & Abdullah, J. (2015). Gene discovery in the developing xylem tissue of a tropical timber tree species: Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (kelampayan). Tree Genetics & Genomes, 11, 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0873-y
Parisi, O. I., Puoci, F., Iemma, F., Curcio, M., Cirillo, G., Spizzirri, U. G., & Picci, N. (2013). Flavonoids preservation and release by methacrylic acid-grafted (N-vinyl-pyrrolidone). Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 18(5), 1058-1065. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2012.680595
Pathak, P. (2020). Medicinal properties of fruit and vegetable peels. In R. Vyas (Eds.), Advances in Bioengineering (pp. 115-128), Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2063-1_6
Poongothai, G., & Sripathi, S. K. (2013). A review on insulinomimetic pinitol from plants. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(2), 992-1009.
Puri, A., Nguyen, H. X., & Banga, A. K. (2016). Microneedle‐mediated intradermal delivery of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(5), 512-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12320
Santiarworn, D. (2005). Chemical constituents and biological activities of some rubiaceae. Doctoral Thesis, Chiang Mai University.
Shi, J.-t., Liu, H.-c., Luo, J.-y., & Cai, L.-p. (2018). Seasonal changes of metabolites in phloem sap from Broussonetia papyrifera. bioRxiv, 317271. https://doi.org/10.1101/317271
Sripathi, S. K., Gopal, P., & Lalitha, P. (2011). Allantoin from the leaves of Pisonia grandis R. Br. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 2(6), 815-817.
Surani, H. C., Suryawanshi, V. R., & Yadav, H. R. (2022). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Fruits of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2022(S1), 1340-1344.
Taylor, M. J., Wilder, H., Bhagwagar, Z., & Geddes, J. (2004). Inositol for depressive disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2004(1), CD004049. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004049.pub2
Umachigi, S. P., Kumar, G. S., Jayaveera, K., Kishore, K. D. V., Ashok, K. C. K., & Dhanapal, R. (2007). Antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant activities of Anthocephalus cadamba. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(4), 481-487.
Unfer, V., Facchinetti, F., Orrù, B., Giordani, B., & Nestler, J. (2017). Myo-inositol effects in women with PCOS: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrine Connections, 6(8), 647-658. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0243
Verhoff, F. H. (2000). Citric acid. In F. Ullman (Eds.), Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Germany: Wiley-VCH.
Zhang, Q., Liu, M., & Ruan, J. (2017). Metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic and functional roles of flavonoids in light-sensitive tea leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 17(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-1012-8
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Divya Selvakumar, Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan, Vellaikumar Sampathrajan, Bharani Manoharan, Karthikeyan Adhimoolam, Saranya Nallusamy, Balasubramanian Arunachala, Kalaiselvi Senthil, Senthil Natesan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.