Structural composition of phytoplankton communities in the tropical Thamirabarani estuary, Southeast coast of India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/cb.2025.v16.9528Keywords:
Phytoplankton, Thamirabarani estuary, Nutrients, Community structure, Diversity, Environmental parametersAbstract
This study investigated the seasonal effects on phytoplankton populations in the Thamirabarani estuary on India’s southeast coast. 49 species from 31 genera, 24 families, and three phyla (bacillariophyte, miozoa, and cyanobacteria) were identified. The number of species, density, and Margalef richness (d’) were high in the pre-monsoon season (43±1 cells/L, 8463±72 ind./m3, 4.64±0.12 ind./m3) and low in the post-monsoon season (35±1 cells/L, 6448±262 ind./m3, 3.84±0.10 ind./m3) with significant serial changes (ɤ-0.43) in species composition between the seasons. However, these parameters did not show any significant variations in station-wise. The phytoplankton relationship with environmental factors (especially temperature, pH, phosphate, ammonia, salinity, silicate, and chloride) indicated the influence of the nutrient dynamics on plankton communities due to anthropogenic discharges and vegetations (agricultural land and mangroves) in the study area. Hence, suitable improvement strategies have been implemented in this area, and its computation demonstrates the link between phytoplankton abundance and the most effective environmental parameters.
Downloads
References
Aknaf, A., Akodad, M., Layachi, M., El Madani, F., Jaddar, A., Mesfioui, A., & Baghour, M. (2017). Study of the spatial and temporal variation of physical-chemical parameters characterizing the quality of surface waters of the lagoon Marchica–North-East Morocco. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(9), 3216-3225.
Aktan, Y., Tüfekçi, V., Tüfekçi, H., & Aykulu, G. (2005). Distribution patterns, biomass estimates and diversity of phytoplankton in İzmit Bay (Turkey). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64(2-3), 372-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.03.003
Al-Kandari, M., Al- Yamani, F. Y., & Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters. Safat, Kuwait: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Khvorov, S. A., & Khvorov, A. S. (2010). Interactive guide of planktonic decapod larvae of Kuwait’s waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Researches. Electronic resource. Registry (2010/009).
Araoye, P. A. (2009). The Seasonal Variation of pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO2) Concentration in Asa Lake Ilorin, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(5), 271-274.
Asha, P. S., Ranjith, L., Diwakar, K., Prema, D., & Krishnakumar, P. K. (2018). Distribution and species diversity of phytoplankton in the inshore waters of Tuticorin in relation to the physicochemical variables. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 60(1), 77-85.
Azad, S. A., & Jinau, V. J. (2020). Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients and Phytoplankton around Kota Kinabalu Wetland, Sabah, Malaysia. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 10(4), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.4236/abc.2020.104009
Baliarsingh, S. K., Srichandan, S., Naik, S., Sahu, K. C., Aneesh, A., Lotliker, T., & Srinivasa Kumar, T. (2015). Seasonal variation of phytoplankton community composition in coastal waters off Rushikulya estuary, east coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 44(4), 508-526.
Baliarsingh, S. K., Srichandan, S., Pati, S. K., Sahu, K. C., Dash, S. K., Lotliker, A. A., & Kumar, T. S. (2016). Phytoplankton community structure along offshore transects of some Indian estuaries of east coast: An experience with a summer cruise. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 44(5), 960-973.
Boyer, J., Kelble, C., Ortner, P., & Rudnick, D. (2009). Phytoplankton bloom status: chlorophyll a biomass as an indicator of water quality condition in the southern estuaries of Florida, USA. Ecological Indicators, 9(S6), S56-S67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.11.013
Canini, N. D., Metillo, E. B., & Azanza, R. V. (2013). Monsoon-influenced phytoplankton community structure in a Philippine mangrove estuary. Tropical Ecology, 54(3), 331-343.
Chattopadhyay, J., Sarkar, R. R., & Pal, S. (2003). Dynamics of nutrient–phytoplankton interaction in the presence of viral infection. Biosystems, 68(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-2647(02)00055-2
Choudhary, A. K., & Pal, R. (2010). Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast. Aquatic Ecology, 44, 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-009-9252-9
Choudhury, A. K., & Pal, R. (2010). Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian Coast. Aquatic Ecology, 44, 55-71.
Cui, L., Lu, X., Dong, Y., Cen, J., Cao, R., Pan, L., Lu, S., & Ou, L. (2018). Relationship between phytoplankton community succession and environmental parameters in Qinhuangdao coastal areas, China: A region with recurrent brown tide outbreaks. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 159, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.043
Dayala, V. T., Salas, P. M., & Sujatha, C. H. (2014). Spatial and seasonal variations of phytoplankton species and their relationship to physicochemical variables in the Cochin estuarine waters, Southwest coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 43(6), 943-953.
do Rosário Gomes, H., Goes, J. I., Matondkar, S. P., Buskey, E. J., Basu, S., Parab, S., & Thoppil, P. (2014). Massive outbreaks of Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia. Nature Communications, 5, 4862. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5862
Duarte, P., Macedo, M. F., & da Fonseca, L. C. (2006). The relationship between phytoplankton diversity and community function in a coastal lagoon. In K. Martens, H. Queiroga, M. R. Cunha, A. Cunha, M. H. Moreira, V. Quintino, A. M. Rodrigues, J. Seroôdio, R. M. Warwick (Eds.), Marine Biodiversity (Vol. 183, pp. 3-18) Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4697-9_1
Dupuis, A. P., & Hann, B. J. (2009). Warm spring and summer water temperatures in small eutrophic lakes of the Canadian prairies: potential implications for phytoplankton and zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 31(5), 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp001
El-Gindy, A. A. H., & Dorghan, M. M. (1992). Interrelation of phytoplankton, chlorophyll and physic-chemical factors in Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman during summer. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 21, 257-261.
Gharib, S. M., El-Sherif, Z. M., Abdel-Halim, A. M., & Radwan, A. A. (2011). Phytoplankton and environmental variable as a water quality indicator for the beaches at Matrouth, south-eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt; an assessment. Oceanologia, 53(3), 819-836. https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-3.819
Ghosh, S., Barinova, S., & Keshri, J. P. (2012). Diversity and seasonal variation of phytoplankton community in the Santragachi Lake, West Bengal, India. QScience Connect, 2012(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.5339/connect.2012.3
Goes, J. I., Tian, H., do Rosario Gomes, H., Anderson, O. R., Al-Hashmi, K., deRada, S., Luo, H., Al-Kharusi, L., Al-Azri, A., & Martinson, D. G. (2020). Ecosystem state change in the Arabian Sea fuelled by the recent loss of snow over the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau region. Scientific Reports, 10, 7422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64360-2
Govindasamy, C., Kannan, L., & Azariah, J. (2000). Seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties and primary production in the coastal water biotopes of Coromandel coast, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21(1), 1-7.
Hasle, G. R., & Syversten, E. E. (1997). Marine diatoms. In C. R. Tomas (Eds.), Identifying Marine Phytoplankton (pp. 5-385) San Diego, US: Academic Press.
Hassan, F. M., Taylor, W. D., Al-Taee, M. M., & Al-Fatlawi, H. J. J. (2010). Phytoplankton composition ofEuphrates River in Al-Hindiyabarrage and kifil city region of Iraq. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(3), 343-350.
Hilaluddin, F., Yusoff, F. M., Natrah, F. M. I., & Lim, P. T. (2020). Disturbance of mangrove forests causes alterations in estuarine phytoplankton community structure in Malaysian Matang mangrove forests. Marine Environmental Research, 158, 104935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104935
Howarth, R., & Marino, R. (2006). Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanogaphy, 51(1), 364-376. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364
Jalili, M., Fallahi, M., Saleh, A., Mashinchian Moradi, A., & Fatemi, M. R. (2022). Short-term variations of phytoplankton communities in response to Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Chabahar Bay (Gulf of Oman). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 21(4), 931-947.
Jayasiri, H. B., & Priyadarshani, W. N. C. (2007). Part (II): Diversity and density of marine plankton and benthos at selected locations in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Sri Lanka. The Journal of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, 38, 45-59.
Jia, H., Chen, M., Su, W., Zhang, S., & Zhao, K. (2019). Structural characteristics and associated factors influencing phytoplankton abundance and species composition in Huangmaohai Bay, Pearl River estuary. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(1), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-17-00168.1
Jin, P., Gao, G., Liu, X., Li, F., Tong, S., Ding, J., Zhong, Z., Liu, N., & Gao, K. (2016). Contrasting photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton assemblages in the Northern South China Sea. Plos One, 11(5), e0153555. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153555
Khomayis, H. S. (2002). The annual cycle of nutrient salts and chlorophyll-a in the coastal waters of Jeddah, Red Sea. Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Marine Sciences, 13(1).
Kumaraguru, A. K., Joseph, V. E., Marimuthu, N., & Wilson, J. J. (2006). Scientific Information on Gulf of Mannar-a Bibliography. Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, 656.
Latinopoulos, D., Ntislidou, C., & Kagalou, I. (2020). Relationships of environmental conditions and phytoplankton functional groups in a new re-constructed shallow lentic system in draught conditions. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 20(3), 369-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2020.04.003
Lotliker, A. A., Baliarsingh, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Wells, M. L., Wilson, C., Bhaskar, T. U., Samanta, A., & Shahimol, S. R. (2018). Characterization of oceanic Noctiluca blooms not associated with hypoxia in the Northeastern Arabian Sea. Harmful Algae, 74, 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.008
Madhu, N. V., Jyothibabu, R., Balachandran, K. K., Honey, U. K., Martin, G. D., Vijay, J. G., Shiyas, C. A., Gupta, G. V. M., & Achuthankutty, C. T. (2007). Monsoonal impact on planktonic standing stock and abundance in a tropical estuary (Cochin backwaters – India). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73(1-2), 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.009
Majewska, R., Adam, A., Mohammad-Noor, N., Convey, P., Stefano, M. D., & Marshall, D. J. (2017). Spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton communities along a salinity and pH gradient in a tropical estuary (Brunei, Borneo, South East Asia). Tropical Ecology, 58(2), 251-269.
McGowan, S., Leavitt, P. R., Barker, T., & Moss, B. (2020). Shallow water phytoplankton responses to nitrate and salinity enrichment may be modified by benthic processes. Inland Waters, 10(1), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2019.1634948
McQuatters-Gollop, A., Gilbert, A. J., Mee, L. D., Vermaat, J. E., Artioli, Y., Humborg, C., & Wulff, F. (2009). How well do ecosystem indicators communicate the effects of anthropogenic eutrophication? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 82(4), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.02.017
Mirzaei, M. R., Seraji, F., Erfanifar, E., Aminirad, T., Aminikhoei, Z., & Azhang, B. (2017). Assessing phytoplankton community structure in relation to hydrographic parameters and seasonal variation (Pre and Post Monsoon). Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 18(2), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180209
Moore, J. W. (2010). Influence of temperature, photoperiod and trophic conditions on the seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and zooplankton in two deep subarctic lakes of northern Canada. International Review of Hydrobiology, 66(5), 745-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19810660512
Nagy-László, Z., Padisák, J., Borics, G., Abonyi, A., B-Béres, V., & Varbiro, G. (2020). Analysis of niche characteristics of phytoplankton functional groups in fluvial ecosystems. Journal of Plankton Research, 42(3), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa020
Ninčević-Gladan, Z., Bužančić, M., Kušpilić, G., Grbec, B., Matijević, S., Skejić, S., Marasović, I., & Morović, M. (2015). The response of phytoplankton community to anthropogenic pressure gradient in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea. Ecological Indicators, 56, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.018
Niu, L., Van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., Guan, Y., & Vrijling, J. K. (2015). Uncertainty analysis and modelling of phytoplankton dynamics in coastal waters. Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 1(4), 193-202.
Not, F., Sianoz, R., Kooistrax, W. H. C. F., Simon, N., Vaulot, D., & Probert, I. (2022). Diversity and Ecology of Eukaryotic Marine Phytoplankton. Advances in Botanical Research, 64, 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00001-3
Palleyi, S., Kar, R. N., & Panda, C. R. (2008). Seasonal Variability of Phytoplankton Population in the Brahmani Eastuary of Orissa, India. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12(3), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i3.55474
Perumal, N. V., Rajkumar, M., Perumal, P., & Rajasekar, K. T. (2009). Seasonal variations of plankton diversity in the Kaduviyar estuary, Nagapattinam, southeast coast of India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(6), 1035-1046.
Perumal, P., Sampathkumar, P., & Santhanam, P. (1998). Zoopalnkton of Parangipettai Coastal Waters. Monograph Series Vol. 1: UGC-SAP, CAS in Marine Biology Annamalai University.
Pilkaitytë, R., Schoor, A., & Schubert, H. (2004). Response of phytoplankton communities to salinity changes—A mesocosm approach. Hydrobiologia, 513, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:hydr.0000018162.50270.54
Pitchaikani, J. S., & Lipton, A. P. (2016). Nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in the fishing grounds off Tiruchendur coastal waters, Gulf of Mannar, India. SpringerPlus, 5, 1405. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3058-8
Prabhahar, C., Saleshrani, K., Dhanasekaran, D., Tharmaraj, K., & Baskaran, K. (2011). Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of Nagapattinam Coastal area, Tamil nadu, India. International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 1(6), 29-32.
Pramanik, S., Sil, S., Gangopadhyay, A., Singh, M. K., & Behera, N. (2020). Interannual variability of the Chlorophyll-a concentration over Sri Lankan Dome in the Bay of Bengal. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 41(15), 5974-5991. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1727057
Rahaman, S. M. B., Golder, J., Rahaman, M. S., Hasanuzzama, A. F. M., Huq, K. A., Begum, S., Islam, S. S., & Bir, J. (2013). Spatial and temporal variations in phytoplankton density and species diversity in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh. Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development, 3, 126.
Rakhesh, M., Raman, A. V., Ganesh, T., Chandramohan, P., & Dehairs, F. (2013). Small copepods structuring mesozooplankton community dynamics in a tropical estuary-coastal system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 126, 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.025
Romin, M. R., Al Azad, S., & Saleh, E. (2021). Variations in the physicochemical water parameters and phytoplankton community in coastal water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 9(7), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2021.97006
Roshith, C. M., Meena, D. K., Manna, R. K., Sahoo, A. K., Swain, H. S., Raman, R. K., Sengupta, A., & Das, B. K. (2018). Phytoplankton community structure of the Gangetic (Hooghly-Matla) estuary: Status and ecological implications in relation to eco-climatic variability. Flora, 240, 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2018.01.001
Santhanam, P., & Perumal, P. (2003). Diversity of zooplankton in Parangipettai coastal waters, southeast coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 45(2), 144-151.
Santhanam, R., Ramanathan, N., Venkataramanuja, K. V., & Jegatheesan, G. (1987). Phytoplankton of the Indian Seas: An Aspect of Marine Botany. Delhi, India: Daya Publishing House.
Saraji, F., Wan Maznah, W. O., Ebrahimi, M., Jokar, K., & Akbarzadeh, G. A. (2014). Seasonal Variation of Phytoplankton Community in the Northern of Oman Sea (Part of Iranian Waters). International Journal of Botany and Research, 4, 19-28.
Sarangi, R. K., & Devi, K. N. (2017). Space-based observation of chlorophyll, sea surface temperature, nitrate, and sea surface height anomaly over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Advances in Space Research, 59(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.08.038
Sasamal, S. K., Panigrahy, R. C., & Misra, S. (2005). Asterrionella blooms in the northwestern Bay of Bengal during 2004. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(17), 3853-3858. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500185391
Satpathy, K. K., Sahu, G., Mohanty, A. K., Prasad, M. V. R., & Panigrahy, R. C. (2009). Phytoplankton community structure and its variability during southwest to northeast monsoon transition in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam, east coast of India. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 3(1), 43-74.
Schumann, R., Baudler, H., Glass, A., Dümcke, K., & Karsten, U. (2006). Long-term observations on salinity dynamics in a tideless shallow coastal lagoon of the Southern Baltic Sea coast and their biological relevance. Journal of Marine Systems, 60(3-4), 330-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.007
Senthilkumar, B., Purvaja, R., & Ramesh, R. (2008). Seasonal and tidal dynamics of nutrients and chlorophyll a in a tropical mangrove estuary, southeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 37(2), 132-140.
Shekhar, T. R. S., Kiran, B. R., Puttaiah, E. T., Shivaraj, Y., & Mahadevan, K. M. (2008). Phytoplankton as Index of Water Quality with Reference to Industrial Pollution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29, 233-236.
Singh, R. P., & Chaturvedi, P. (2010). Comparison of chlorophyll concentration in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea using IRS-P4 OCM and MODIS Aqua.
Smith, S. L., & Whitledge, T. E. (1977). The role of zooplankton in the regeneration of nitrogen in a coastal upwelling system off northwest Africa. Deep Sea Research, 24(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(77)90540-9
Srichandan, S., Baliarsingh, S. K., Prakash, S., Lotliker, A. A., Parida, C., & Sahu, K. C. (2019). Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in response to environmental variables in contrasting coastal ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12025-12041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04569-5
Srinivasan, K., & Natesan, U. (2013). Spatio-Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Muttukadu Backwaters, Tamilnadu, India. Water Environment Research, 85(7), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143012X13560205144812
Strickland, J. D. H., & Parsons, T. R. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. (2nd ed.). Ottawa, Canada: Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Suresh, P. K., Surendar, N., Sundaravadivelu, R., & Dhanasekar, K. (2023). Studies on Estuary of Thamirabarani River, Tamilnadu, India. MATEC Web of Conferences, 384, 03001. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338403001
Thangaradjou, T., Sarangi, R. K., Shanthi, R., Poornima, D., Raja, K., Saravanakumar, A., & Balasubramaninan, S. T. (2013). Changes in nutrients ratio along the central Bay of Bengal coast and its influence on chlorophyll distribution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 35(3), 467-477.
Throndsen, J. (1978). Preservation and storage. France: UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Truong, N. C. Q., Nguyen, H. Q., & Kondoh, A. (2018). Land use and land cover changes and their effect on the flow regime in the upstream Dong Nai River basin, Vietnam. Water, 10(9), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091206
Vajravelu, M., Martin, Y., Ayyappan, S., & Mayakrishnan, M. (2018). Seasonal influence of physico-chemical parameters on phytoplankton diversity, community structure and density at Parangipettai coastal waters, Bay of Bengal, South East Coast of India. Oceanologia, 60(2), 114-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.08.003
Varghese, M., Vinod, K., Gireesh, R., Anasu Koya, A., Ansar, C. P., Nikhiljith, M., Sheeba, K. B., Asokan, P. K., & Joshi, K. K. (2022). Distribution and diversity of phytoplankton in Kadalundi estuary, southwest coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 64(1), 50-56.
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, X., Cui, Z., Qu, K., & Wei, Y. (2022). Exploring the key factors affecting the seasonal variation of phytoplankton in the coastal Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1076975. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1076975
Wei, Y., Ding, D., Gu, T., Jiang, T., Qu, K., Sun, J., & Cui, Z. (2022). Different responses of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities to current changing coastal environments. Environmental Research, 215, 114426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114426
Wei, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, X., Xue, B., Munir, S., & Sun, J. (2017). Physicochemical conditions in affecting the distribution of spring phytoplankton community. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 35(6), 1342-1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-017-6190-6
Williamson, C. E., Salm, C., Cooke, S. L., & Saros, J. E. (2010). Erratum to: how do UV radiation, temperature, and zooplankton influence the dynamics of alpine phytoplankton communities?. Hydrobiologia, 652, 395-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0336-2
Winkler, L. W. (1888). Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelosten Sauerstoffes. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 21(2), 2843-2855. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122
Xia, M., Craig, P. M., Wallen, C. M., Stoddard, A., Mandrup-Poulsen, J., Peng, M., Schaeffer, B., & Liu, Z. (2011). Numerical Simulation of Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen at Perdido Bay and Adjacent Coastal Ocean. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00044.1
Xiang, C., Tan, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Ke, Z., & Li, G. (2019). The key to dinoflagellate (Noctiluca scintillans) blooming and outcompeting diatoms in winter off Pakistan, northern Arabian Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 694, 133396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.202
Yi, D., Reardon, T., & Stringer, R. (2018). Shrimp aquaculture technology change in Indonesia: Are small farmers included?. Aquaculture, 493, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.003
Zhang, H., Boegman, L., Scavia, D., & Culver, D. A. (2016). Spatial distributions of external and internal phosphorus loads in Lake Erie and their impacts on phytoplankton and water quality. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 42(6), 1212-1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2016.09.005
Zhong, Q., Xue, B., Noman, M. A., Wei, Y., Liu, H., Liu, H., Zheng, L., Jing, H., & Sun, J. (2021). Effect of river plume on phytoplankton community structure in Zhujiang River estuary. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 39, 550-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-9213-7
Zinat, A., Jewel, M. A. S., Khatun, B., Hasan, M. K., & Saleha, J. N. (2021). Seasonal variations of phytoplankton community structure in Pasur River estuary of Bangladesh. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 9(3), 37-44.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 V. Srinivasan, D. Senthil Kumar, S. Manokaran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
.