Survey study for transfer of cadmium and chromium in soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown on contaminated soils
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2019.v3.5297Keywords:
Contamination, extraction, anthropogenic, pollutionAbstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the contamination and accumulation of heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) in soil and plant grown in contaminated soil. Orchard and relative non-orchard fields were chosen to carry out this study. For total and available metals, soil samples were collected equally from 24 different points of orchard and non-orchard field and were extracted with Mehlich-3 extracting solutions and aqua-regia. Wheat crops from orchard and non-orchard fields were analysed and collected with aqua regia for heavy metal contents. Irrigation water samples were also collected from fresh water irrigation canal (Lower Chenab) for analysis. Results indicated that average metal concentrations in soils of both orchard and non-orchard fields were Cadmium (Cd) 2.36 and 2.49 mg kg-1 and Chromium (Cr) 58.15 and 53.51 mg kg-1 respectively. Contribution of risk from Cd and Cr were significant in wheat (seeds) of orchard. In orchard field, the risk contribution from Cd and Cr were significant in crops seeds. The considerable load of toxic metals in fields revealed the anthropogenic source of pollution. Therefore, it is emphasize that the need of heavy metals monitoring in crops and soils is necessary.
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References
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2. Simeonov V, Stratis JA, Samara C, Zachariadis G, Voutsa D, Anthemidis A, Sofoniou M, Kouimtzis T. Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water research. 2003;37(17):4119-24.
3. Freitas H, Prasad MN, Pratas J. Plant community tolerant to trace elements growing on the degraded soils of Sao Domingos mine in the south east of Portugal: environmental implications. Environment international. 2004;30(1):65-72..
4. Lokeshwari H, Chandrappa GT. Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Current Science. 2006;10:622-7.
5. Chary NS, Kamala CT, Raj DS. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2008;69(3):513-24.
6. Boularbah A, Schwartz C, Bitton G, Aboudrar W, Ouhammou A, Morel JL. Heavy metal contamination from mining sites in South Morocco: 2. Assessment of metal accumulation and toxicity in plants. Chemosphere. 2006;63(5):811-7.
7. Zhao K, Liu X, Xu J, Selim HM. Heavy metal contaminations in a soil–rice system: identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010;181(1-3):778-87..
8. Sadiq MA, Haider S, Abbas G. Genetic parameters for economic traits in exotic germplasm of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). J. Agric. Res. 2005;43(2):103-9..
9. Arabi E l, Rashed M, Vermeulen A. Environmental impacts of sewage water irrigation on ground water, Int. managing environmental changes due to irrigation and drainage. Proceedings of special workshop, International commission 1996.
10. Loutfy N, Fuerhacker M, Tundo P, Raccanelli S, Dien AG, Ahmed MT. Intake of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of dairy products, fish/seafood and meat from Ismailia city, Egypt. Sci. Total Environ. 2006; 370(1):1-8.
11. Iqbal MA, Chaudhry MN, Zaib S, Imran M, Ali K, Iqbal A. Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb) in agricultural soils and spring seasonal plants, irrigated by industrial waste water. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 2011;2(1):1-9.
12. Yang LS, Zhang XW, Li YH, Li HR, Wang Y. Bioaccessability and risk assessment of cadmium from uncooked rice using an in vitro digestion model. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012;145(1):81-86.
13. Chien LC, Hung TC, Choang KY, Yeh CY, Meng PJ. Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Sci. Total Environ. 2002;285:177–85.
14. Chary NS, Kamala CT, Raj DSS. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Eco. Environ. Safety. 2007;69(3):513-524.
15. Ivezic V, Loncaric Z, Engler M, Singh BR. Comparison of different extraction methods representing available and total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil. Poljoprivreda. 2013;19 (1): 53-58.
16. Shirisha K, Kanwar L, Sahrawat B, Prathibha D, Suhas P. Wani. Simple and accurate method for routine analysis of heavy metals in soil, plant, and fertilizer. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2014;45(16):2201-2206.
17. Westfall DG, Mortvedt JJ, Peterson GA, Gangloff WJ. Efficient and environmentally safe use of micronutrients in agriculture. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2005;36(1-3):169-182.
18. Arora M, Kiran B, Rani S, Rani A, Kaurand B, Mittal N. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chem. 2008;11(4):811-815.
19. Sheldrick BH, Wang C. Particle size distribution, soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. Lewis Publishers. Ann Arbor. 1993;499-511.
20. Richard LA. Diagnosis and improvement of Saline and Alkali soils. USDA Handbook 60. Washington DC 1954.
21. Gee GW, Bauder JW. Particle size analysis. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy, 1986; (9) 383-409. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
22. Nelson DW, Sommers LE. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: methods of soil analysis (Ed. A.L. Page). Part 2. Agronomy Monographs 9.ASA and SSSA, Madison. WI. 1982;539-579.
23. Shirdama R, Tehrani ZM, Dastgoshade F. Microwave assisted digestion of soil, sludge and sediment for determination of heavy metals with ICP-OES and FAAS. Rasayan. J. Chem. 2008;(4):757-765.
24. Mehlich A. Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1984; (15)1409-1416.
25. Chen M, Ma LQ. Comparison of four USEPA digestion methods for metal analysis using certified and Florida soils. J. Environ. Qual. 1998;(27): 1294–1300.
26. Arnold E. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th edition, American public health association Washington, DC, Method 4500-H+B. pH value/ electrometric method. 1992; 209-269.
27. Ryan J, Estefan G, Rashid A. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Int. Center for Agric. Res. in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. 2001;172.
28. Khan S, Rehman S, Anwar-Zeb K, Amjad KM, Tahir, SM. Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2010;73(7):1820-1827.
29. Nafees M, Khan H, Jan MR, Rashid N, Khan F. Soil contamination in Swat valley caused by cadmium and copper. Sarhad J. Agri. 2009; 25(1):37-43.
30. Camelo LG, Miguez SR, Marbh L. Heavy metals input with phosphate fertilizers used in Argentina. Sci. Total Environ. 1997; 204(1):245-250.
31. Wang Y-P, Shi J-Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Lin X-C.C.Chen Y-X. The influence of soil heavy metals pollution on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and community composition near a copper smelter. Ecotoxol. Environ. Safe. 2007;67(1):75-81.
32. Oluyemi EA, Feuyit G, Oyekunle JAO, Ogunfowokan AO. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in soil and some selected crops at a landfill in Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. 2009;2 (5):89-96.
33. Dudka S, Miller WP. Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human food chain. J. Environ. Sci. Health, 1999; 34(4): 681-708.
34. Bratakos MS, Lazos ES, Bratakos SM. Chromium content of selected Greek foods. Sci. Total Environ. 2002;290(1-3):47-58.
35. IUCN (The World Conservation Union). Pakistan. Planning, Environment & Development. Department Civil Secretariat, Peshawar. Department of Environmental Planning and Management Peshawar University Peshawar. 1994; 14-28.
Published
15-12-2023
How to Cite
Virk, F. I., Muhammad Sarfraz, M. Q. N., Bibi, S., & Waqas, M. (2023). Survey study for transfer of cadmium and chromium in soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown on contaminated soils. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 3, 06–10. https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2019.v3.5297
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