Farmers’ perception about hazards related to wastewater irrigation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2026.v10.9872Keywords:
Wastewater reuse, Peri-urban agriculture, Farmer risk perception, Public health impacts, Water management, Developing countriesAbstract
Water scarcity driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and climate change has intensified the use of alternative water sources for agriculture, particularly in developing countries. In Pakistan, untreated or partially treated wastewater is widely used for irrigation in peri-urban areas such as Sheikhupura due to limited freshwater availability. Although wastewater irrigation supports crop production and farmer livelihoods, it poses serious environmental and public health risks. This study assesses farmers’ awareness and perceptions of potential health hazards associated with wastewater irrigation in Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using structured questionnaires administered to 100 farmers engaged in wastewater-irrigated agriculture. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, irrigation practices, perceptions of contamination, and health risks. Statistical analyses, including the Kruskal–Wallis H test and multivariate probit regression, were performed to examine the influence of socio-demographic factors on farmers’ perceptions. Results indicate that while most farmers recognize that irrigation water is contaminated; their understanding of specific health risks remains limited. Skin-related problems were perceived as the most common health issue, whereas gastrointestinal and eye-related risks were less recognized. Farmers continue to use wastewater primarily due to its availability, low cost, and nutrient content. The study highlights the need for targeted awareness programs, improved wastewater management, and policy interventions to reduce health risks while sustaining agricultural productivity in water-scarce regions.
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