Etiology of diseases affecting the quality of cruciferous and leafy vegetables – a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2026.v10.9704Keywords:
Brassicaceae, Brassica spp., Raphanus spp., Soil-borne plant pathogens, Plant diseaseAbstract
Cruciferous crops, or leafy vegetables, from the Brassicaceae family are important gourmet vegetables and among the most widely produced worldwide. These vegetables are consumed worldwide for their high nutritional content, including vitamins, beneficial enzymes, minerals, and fiber. Despite the remunerative market for crucifers, several factors beset the industry. These vegetables are susceptible to destructive field and postharvest diseases. Hence, appropriate control measures must be established to achieve desirable product quality and a high yield. Here, major diseases of commonly cultivated crops belonging to the Brassica spp. and Raphanus spp. are reviewed. Most diseases of cruciferous crops are caused by soil-borne pathogens that survive and persist in the soil for long periods, posing a significant threat to crucifer production, as these crops are directly cultivated near the soil line. Pathogens mainly affect the foliar parts and heads of cruciferous crops, which are the marketable parts of the plant. Damage to these essential organs results in a reduction in quality and quantity. Preventive control is recommended for most diseases, as pathogens are challenging to eradicate once established. Integrated disease management would require an efficient control strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of diseases.
Downloads
References
Agrios, G. N. (2007). Plant Pathology. (5th ed.). Academic Press Inc.
Aist, J. R., & Williams, P. H. (1971). The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 49(11), 2023-2024. DOI: 10.1139/b71-284. https://doi.org/10.1139/b71-284
Alvarado, I. C. M., Michereff, S. J., Mariano, R. L. R., Souza, E. B., Quezado-Duval, A. M., Resende, L. V., Cardoso, E., & Mizubuti, E. S. G. (2011). Characterization and variability of soft rot-causing bacteria in chinese cabbage in North Eastern Brazil. Journal of Plant Pathology, 93(1), 173-181.
Babadoost, M. (1989). Report on Plant Disease: Blackleg of cabbage and other crucifers (RPD No. 955). University of Illinois. https://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/rpds/955.pdf
Babadoost, M. (1990). Report on Plant Disease: Bacterial soft rot of vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals (RPD No. 943). University of Illinois. https://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/rpds/943.pdf
Bereswill, S., Bugert, P., Völksch, B., Ullrich, M., Bender, C. L., & Geider, K. (1994). Identification and relatedness of coronatine-producing Pseudomonas syringae pathovars by PCR Analysis and sequence determination of the amplification products. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(8): 2924-2930. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.8.2924-2930.1994
Berthelot, E., Macia, J.-L., Martinière, A., Morisset, A., Gallet, R., Blanc, S., Khelifa, M., & Drucker, M. (2019). Pharmacological analysis of transmission activation of two aphid-vectored plant viruses, Turnip mosaic virus and Cauliflower mosaic virus. Scientific Reports, 9, 9374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45904-7
Bhat, K. A., Bhat, N. A., Mohiddin, F. A., Mir, S. A., & Mir, M. R. (2012). Management of post-harvest Pectobacterium soft rot of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitate L.) by biocides and packing material. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(28), 4066-4074.
Bishop, C. D., & Cooper, R. M. (1983). An ultrastructural study of root invasion in three vascular wilt diseases. Physiological Plant Pathology, 22(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-4059(83)81034-0
Bradbury, J. F. (1986). Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CABI.
Braselton, J. P. (1995). Current status of the plsmodiophorids. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 21(4), 263-275. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408419509113543
Bretschneider, K. E., Gonella, M. P., & Robeson, D. J. (1989). A comparative light and electron microscopical study of compatible and incompatible interactions between Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 34(4), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(89)90026-X
Chattopadhyay, C., Waliyar, F., & Kolte, S. J.(2016). Diseases of edible oilseed crops. CRC Press Inc.
Chen, J., Roberts, P. D., & Gabriel, D. W. (1994). Effects of a virulence locus from Xanthomonas campestris 528T on pathovar status and ability to elicit blight symptoms on crucifers. Phytopathology, 84(12), 1458-1465.
Chuaboon, W., & Prathuangwong, S. (2008). Appropriate management practices, frequency and concentration of beneficial bacteria co-operation onto increasable control efficiency of economic diseases on cauliflower plant. Proceedings of the 46th Kasetsart University Annual Conference (pp. 572-580).
Cook, A. A., Walker, J. C., & Larson, R. H. (1952). Studies on the disease cycle of black rot of crucifers. Phytopathology, 42, 162-167.
CUESA. (2006). Cruciferous Crops. Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture. https://cuesa.org/article/cruciferous-crops
Cui, W., He, P., Munir, S., He, P., He, Y., Li, X., Yang, L., Wang, B., Wu, Y., & He, P. (2019). Biocontrol of soft rot of Chinese cabbage using an endophytic bacterial strain. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1471. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01471
Damicone, J. (2017). Diseases of leafy crucifer vegetables (Collards, Kale, Mustard, Turnips). Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Oklahoma State University. http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1393/EPP-7666web2014.pdf
Deacon, J. (1997). The Microbial World: Biotrophic Plant Pathogens. Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh.
Diallo, S., Crépin, A., Barbey, C., Orange, N., Burini, J.-F., & Latour, X. (2011). Mechanisms and recent advances in biological control mediated through the potato rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 75(3), 351-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01023.x
Dillard, H. R. (1987). Vegetable Crops: Sclerotinia Rot of Cabbage. Cornell University. http://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/2f3e3a18-36c6-4fb2-870b-fceb25c7ba54/content
Dumin, W., Park, M.-J., Park, J.-H., Han, K.-S., Choi, H.-W., & Back, C.-G. (2021). First report of Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae infection on Chinese cabbage in Korea. Plant Disease, 105(2), 489. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1132-PDN
Dung, J. K. S., & Weiland, J. (n.d.). Verticillium Wilt in the Pacific Northwest. In J. W. Pscheidt & C. M. Ocamb (Eds.), 2021 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Oregon State University. https://pnwhandbooks.org/node/405
Eckardt, N. A. (2002). Plant Disease Susceptibility Genes? The Plant Cell, 14(9), 1983-1986. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.140910
Erwin, D. C., & Ribeiro, O. K. (1996). Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society.
Fradin, E. F., & Thomma, B. P. H. J. (2006). Physiology and molecular aspects of Verticillium wilt diseases caused by V. dahlia and V. albo-atrum. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(2), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00323.x
Frost, K., & Hudelson, B. (2013). Verticillium Wilt of Vegetables. UW Plant Disease Facts. Retrieved from https://pddc.wisc.edu//wp-content/blogs.dir/39/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Verticillium_Wilt_of_Vegetables.pdf
Gabor, B., Kao, J., & Krause, D. (2013). Crucifer Disease Guide: A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers, and Agricultural Advisors. Seminis. Retrieved from https://santamariaseeds.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Crucifer_Disease_Guide.pdf
Gahatraj, S., Shresthra, S. M., Devkota, T. R., & Rai, H. H. (2019). A review on clubroot of crucifers: symptoms, life-cycle of pathogen, factors affecting severity, and management strategies. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(3), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.0403012
Gao, Y., & Xu, G. (2014). Development of an effective nonchemical method against Plasmodiophora brassicae on Chinese cabbage. International Journal of Agronomy, 2014, 307367. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/307367
Garg, S. C., & Kasera, H. I. (1984). Antibacterial activity of the essential Oil of Anacardium occidentale Linn. Indian Perfumer, 28(2), 95-97.
Gerlagh, M., Goossen-van de Gejin, H. M., Fokkema, N. J., & Vereijken, P. F. (1999). Long-term biosanitation by application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-infected crops. Phytopathology, 89(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.2.141
Heinrich, A. L., Stone A., Sullivan, D. M., Myers, J., & Peachey, E. (2016). Integrated Clubroot Management for Brassicas: Nonchemical Control Strategies. Oregon State University.
Higashio, H., & Yamada, M. (2004). Control of soft rot after harvest of cabbage in Indonesia. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 38(3), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.38.175
Hilderbrand, P. D. (1989). Surfactant-like characteristics and identity of bacteria associated with broccoli head rot in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 11(3), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060668909501101
Hopkins, J. C. F. (1940). Diseases of fruit, flowers, and vegetables in S. Rhodesia: black rot disease of cabbages and cauliflowers. The Rhodesian Agricultural Journal, 37, 207-210.
Howard, R. J., Garland, J. A., & Seaman, W. L. (1994). Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada: An Illustrated Compendium. Canadian Phytopathological Society.
Hua, Z. F., Liu, X. M., Li, Y., Li, H., Zhang, G. J., Zhang, J. H., Wang, C. B., & Lu, Y. X. (1994). Study on Integrated Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of sunflower in Jilin Province. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 21(2), 127-134.
Huisman, O. C. (1982). Interrelations of root growth dynamics to epidemiology of root-invading fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 20, 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.20.090182.001511
Ibrahim, I. K. A., Basyony, A. B., Handoo, Z. A., & Chitwood, D. J. (2013). Pathogenicity and control of Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne spp. on some cruciferous plant cultivars. International Journal of Nematology, 23(1), 73-81.
Ignatov, A., Hida, K., & Kuginuki, Y. (1998). Black rot of crucifers and sources of resistance in Brassica Crops. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 32, 167-172.
Ishida, M., Hara, M., Fukino, N., Kakizaki, T., & Morimitsu, Y. (2014). Glucosinate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. Breeding Science, 64(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.64.48
Jackson, G., & McKenzie, E. (2017). Pacific Pests and Pathogens: Cabbage Light Leaf Spot. PestNet. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Retrieved from https://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/cabbage_light_leaf_spot_302.htm
Jenner, C. E., Sanchez, F., Nettleship, S. B., Foster, G. D., Ponz, F., & Walsh, J. A. (2000). The cylindrical inclusion gene of turnip mosaic virus encodes a pathogenic determinant to the brassica resistance gene TuRB01. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, 13, 1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.10.1102
Jimenez-Diaz, R. M., & Millar, R. L. (1988). Sporulation on infected tissues, and the presence of airborne Verticillium albo-atrum in alfalfa fields in New York. Plant Pathology, 37(1), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02196.x
Kageyama, K., & Asano, T. (2009). Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 28, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-009-9101-z
Kamal, M. M., Savocchia, S., Lindbeck, K. D., & Ash, G. J. (2016). Biology and biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in oilseed Brassicas. Australasian Plant Pathology, 45, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-015-0391-2
Kamoun, S., Kamdar, H. V., Tola, E., & Kado, C. I. (1992). Incompatible interactions between crucifers and Xanthomonas campestris involve a vascular hypersensitive response: role of hrpX locus. Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction, 5, 22-23. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-5-022
Kishun, R. (1984). Seed treatment of cabbage black rot. Turkish Journal of Pathology, 13, 81-86.
Koch, E., & Slusarenko, A. (1990). Arabidopsis is susceptible to infection by a downy mildew fungus. The Plant Cell, 2(5), 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.2.5.437
Koike, S. T., & Subbarao, K. V. (2017). Phytophthora Root Rot. UC IPM Management Guidelines: Cole Crops. UC ANR Publication 3442.
Koike, S. T., & Wilen, C. A. (2019). Pythium Root Rot. UC IPM Management Guidelines: Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries. UC ANR Publication 3392.
Kolte, S. J. (1985). Diseases of Annual Edible Oilseed Crops, Vol. II: Rapeseed-Mustard and Sesame Diseases. CRC Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351071437
Kucharek, T. (1985). Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers. Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida.
Kucharek, T. (1985). Downy Mildew of Crucifers. Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida.
Kumar, D., Maurya, N., Bharati, Y. K., Kumar, A., Kumar, K., Srivastava, K., Chand, G., Kushwaha, C., Singh, S. K., Mishra, R. K., & Kumar, A. (2014). Alternaria blight of oilseed Brassicas: a comprehensive review. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8(30), 2816-2829. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6434
Laemmlen, F. (2002). Sclerotinia Diseases. University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources.
Lancaster, R. (n.d.). Food and Agriculture: Diseases of Vegetable Brassicas. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development.
Lecoz, C. J., & Ducombs, G. (2006). Plants and plant products. In P. J. Frosch, T. Menne & J. P. Lepottevin (Eds.) Contact Dermatitis (pp. 751-800). Springer.
Link, H. V., & Johnson, K. B. (2007). White mold (Sclerotinia). The Plant Health Instructor, 7. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2007-0809-01
Lirio, L. G., Hermano, M. L., & Fontanilla, M. Q. (1998). Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants from the Philippines. Pharmaceutical Biology, 36(5), 357-359. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.36.5.357.4656
Lunt, T. (2013). Bacterial Soft Rot. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Wisconsin Horticulture.
Machmud, M. (1982). Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae, the causal agent of Xanthomonas leaf Spot of crucifers (Cabbage, Louisiana). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses.
MacNish, G. C. (1963). Black leg of cabbage and related plants. Journal of the Department Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4, 4(3), 167-172.
MacNish, G. C. (1966). Downy mildew of crucifers. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4, 7(7), 304- 308.
Mani, A., Duta, P., & Chatterjee, S. (2020). Diseases in brassica vegetable crops and their Integrated Disease Management (IDM). Agriculture & Food, 2, 532-542.
McCulloch, L. (1929). A bacterial leaf spot of horse-radish caused by Bacterium campestre var. armoraciae n.var. Journal of Agricultural Research, 38, 269-287.
Meadows, I., Sharpe, S., & Henson, M. (2017). Damping-Off in Flower and Vegetable Seedlings. North Carolina State Extension Publications.
Meenu, G., Vikram, A., & Bharat, N. (2013). Black rot – a devastating disease of crucifers: a review. Agricultural Reviews, 34(4), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.4.012
Mircetich, S. M., & Matheron, M. E. (1976). Phytophthora root and crown rot of cherry trees. Phytopathology, 66, 549-558.
Monfort, W. S., Csinos, A. S., Desaeger, J., Seebold, K., Webster, T. M., & Diaz-Perez, J. C. (2007). Evaluating Brassica species as an alternative control measure for root knot nematode (M. incognita) in Georgia vegetable plasticulture. Crop Protection, 29(9), 1359-1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.11.008
Moreno, A., De Blas, C., Biurrun, R., Nebreda, M., Palacios, I., Duque, M., & Fereres, A. (2005). The incidence and distribution of viruses infecting lettuce, cultivated Brassica and associated natural vegetation in Spain. Annals of Applied Biology, 144(3), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00349.x
Morrall, R. A. A., & Dueck, J. (1982). Epidemiology of Sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 4(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060668209501319
Noling, J. W. (2009). Nematode Management in Crucifers (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese Cabbages, Collards, Mustards, Radishes, Rutabagas, and Turnips). EENY-024. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Nowicki, M., Nowakowska, M., Niezgoda, A., & Kozik, E. U. (2012). Alternaria black spot of crucifers: symptoms, importance of disease, and perspectives of resistance breeding. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 76(1), 5-19.
Onsando, J. M. (1988). Management of black rot of cabbage caused by (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) in Kenya. Tropical Pest Management, 33(1), 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670878709371102
Pscheidt, J. W., & Ocamb, C. M. (2021a). Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica sp.) Damping-Off (Wirestem). Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook, Oregon State University.
Pscheidt, J. W., & Ocamb, C. M. (2021b). Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Damping-Off. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook, Oregon State University.
Pscheidt, J. W., & Ocamb, C. M. (2021c). Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica sp.) Phytophthora Root Rot. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook, Oregon State University.
Raybould, A. F., Maskell, L. C., Edwards, M.-L., Cooper, J. I., & Gray, A. J. (1999). The prevalence and spatial distribution of viruses in natural populations of Brassica oleracea. New Phytologist, 141, 265-275.
Reed, G. M. (1913). The powdery mildews: Erysiphaceae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 32, 219-258.
Romero, D., de Vicente, A., Rakotoaly, R. H., Dufour, S. E., Veening, J.-W., Arrebola, E., Cazorla, F. M., Kuipers, O. P., Paquot, M., & Pérez-García, A. (2007). The iturin and fengycin families of lipopeptides are key factors in antagonism of Bacillus subtilis toward Podosphaera fusca. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20(4), 430-440. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-20-4-0430
Roxas, R. (2005). Cruciferous Crops for the Lowlands. DA-BAR Research and Development Digest, 7(2).
Saharan, G. S. (2005). Diseases of Oilseed Crops. Indus Publishing Co.
Saharan, G. S., Mehta, N., & Meena, P. D. (2017). Downy Mildew Disease of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology, and Disease Management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7500-1
Saharan, G. S., Mehta, N., & Meena, P.D. (2016). Disease forewarning and management of Alternaria blight of crucifers – a review. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 46(3), 193-223.
Saharan, G. S., Verma, P. R., Meena, P. D., & Kumar, A. (2014). White Rust of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology, and Management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1792-3
Sahin, F., & Miller, S. A. (1997). A new pathotype of Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae that causes bacterial leaf spot of radish. Plant Disease, 81(11), 1334-1334. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.11.1334C
Santos, M. R., Dias, J. S., Silva, M. J., & Ferreira-Pinto, M. M. (2006). Resistance to white rust in pak choi and Chinese cabbage at cotyledon stage. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 71(3), 963-971.
Scheufele, S. B. (2013). Alternaria Leaf Spot of Brassica Crops: Disease Incidence and Sustainable Management. Master’s Thesis, Cornell University.
Schroeder, K. L., Martin, F. N., de Cock, A. W. A. M., Levesque, C. A., Spies, C. F., Okubara, P. A., & Paulitz, T. C. (2013). Molecular detection and quantification of ion of Pythium species: evolving taxonomy, new tools, and challenges. Plant Disease, 97(1), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0243-FE
Sharma, B. B., Kalia, P., Singh, D., & Sharma, T. R. (2017). Introgression of black rot resistance from Brassica carinata to cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis group) through embryo rescue. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1255. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01255
Sharma, B. R., Dhiman, J. S., Thakur, J. C., Singh, A., & Bajaj, K. L. (1991). Multiple disease resistance in Cauliflower. Advances in Horticultural Science, 5(1), 30-34.
Shigaki, T., Nelson, S. C., & Alvarez, A.M. (2000). Symptomless spread of blight-inducing strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on cabbage seedlings in misted seedbeds. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106, 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008771217477
Shrestha, S. K., Mathur, S. B., & Munk, L. (2000). Alternaria brassicae in seeds of rapeseed and mustard, its location, transmission from seed to seedlings and control. Seed Science and Technology, 28, 75-78.
Silverside, A. J. (2001). Profile: Order: Erysiphaes (Powdery Mildews). Biological Science, University of Paisley.
Smart, C. (n.d.). Alternaria Leaf Spot of Brassicas. Cornell University.
Smith, S. (2012). Diseases of Turnip and Mustard Greens. Division of Agriculture, Research & Extension, University of Arkansas.
Spence, N. J., Phiri, N. A., Hughes, S. L., Mwaniki, A., Simons, S., Oduor, G., Chacha, D., Kuria, A., Ndirangu S., Kibata, G. N., & Marris, G. C. (2007). Economic impact of Turnip mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus in three Kenyan vegetables. Plant Pathology, 56(2), 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01498.x
Sutic, D. D., Ford, R. E., & Tosic, M. (1999). Virus diseases of cruciferous vegetables. In D. D. Sutic, R. E. Ford & M. Tosic, M (Eds.), Handbook of Virus Diseases (pp. 150-153). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429259159
Tam, L. T. T., Dung, P. N., & Liem, N. V. (2016). First report of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum on Brassica juncea in Vietnam. Disease Notes, 100(4). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-15-0678-PDN
Tamura, K., Takikawa, Y., Tsuyumu, S., & Goto, M. (1994). Bacterial spot of crucifers caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphanin. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 60(3), 281-287.
Tanase, I. (1978). Control of black vein on cabbage leaves caused by Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson. Productia Vegetala, Horticultura, 27, 16-21.
Tanushree, Purushattom, Kumar, R., Naresh, R. K., Tomar, A., Dixit, R., & Poonia, S. (2020). Morphological identification and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campestris from mustard and cabbage and its management by bacterial antagonists. Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 12(8), 467-473.
Taylor, J. D., Conway, J., Roberts, S. J., Astley, D., & Vicente, J. G. (2002). Sources and origin of resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica genomes. Phytopathology, 92(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.1.105
Tjosvold, S. A. (n.d.). Controlling Damp-Off Diseases. Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California.
Tsatsia, H., & Jackson, G. (2017). Pacific Pests and Pathogens: Turnip Mosaic. PestNet. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
Tsuda, K., Tsuji, G., Higashiyama, M., Ogiyama, H., Umemura K., Mitomi, M., Kubo, Y., & Kosaka, Y. (2016). Biological control of bacterial soft rot in Chinese cabbage by Lactobacillus plantarum strain BY under field conditions. Biological Control, 100, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.05.010
Tsuyama, H. (1979). The difficulty to protect soft rot bacteria in vegetables. Chemistry & Biology, 17, 190-194.
Vicente, J. G., & Holub, E. B. (2013). Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (cause of black rot of crucifers) in the genomic era is still a worldwide threat to Brassica crops. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00833.x
Vicente, J. G., Conway, J., Roberts, S. J., & Taylor, J. D. (2001). Identification and origin of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races and related pathovars. Phytopathology, 91(5), 492-499. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.5.492
Vicente, J. G., Everett, B., & Roberts, S. J. (2006). Identification of isolates that cause a leaf spot disease of brassicas as Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani and pathogenic and genetic comparison with related pathovars. Phytopathology, 96(7), 735-745. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0735
Vicente, J. G., Taylor, J. D., Sharpe, A. G., Parkin, I. A. P., Lydiate, D. J., & King, G. J. (2002). Inheritance of race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica genomes. Phytopathology, 92(10), 1134-1341. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1134
Walsh, J. A., & Jenner, C. E. (2002). Turnip mosaic virus and the quest for durable resistance. Molecular Plant Pathology, 3(5), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00132.x
Warwick, S. I. (2011). Brassicaceae in agriculture. In R. Schmidt & I. Bancroft (Eds.), Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae (pp. 33-65). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7118-0_2
Wellman, F. L. (1932). Rhizoctonia bottom rot and head rot of cabbage. Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(8), 461-469.
Westerdahl, B. B., & Ploeg, A. (2018). Cole Crops Nematodes. UC IPM Management Guidelines: Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries. UC ANR Publication 3442.
Wilhelm, S. (1955). Longevity of the Verticillium wilt fungus in the laboratory and field. Phytopathology, 45(3), 180-181.
Wukash, R. T. (1985). Fungal Disease of Cruciferous Crops. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs.
Wyss, U., & Grundler, F. M. W. (1992). Feeding behavior of sedentary plant parasitic nematodes. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 98, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01974483
Yuen, G. Y. K., & Alvarez, A. M. (1985). Aberrant symptoms on cabbage caused by strains of Xanthomonas campestris. Phytopathology, 75, 1382.
Zhao, Y., Damicone, J. P., Demezas, D. H., & Bender, C. L. (2000a). Bacterial leaf spot diseases of leafy crucifers in Oklahoma caused by pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris. Plant Diseases, 84(9), 1008-1014. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.9.1008
Zhao, Y., Damicone, J. P., Demezas, D. H., Rangaswamy, V., & Bender C. L. (2000b). Bacterial Leaf spot of leafy crucifers in Oklahoma caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. Plant Disease, 84(9), 1015-1020. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.9.1015
Zitter, T. A. (1986). Vegetable Crops. Cornell University.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Deborah Anne C. Dimayacyac, Mark Angelo O. Balendres
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
.