A review of different drying methods and their impact on physiochemical and functional properties of nutmeg and star anise
Impact of drying methods on properties of nutmeg & star anise
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/josac.2024.v33.i2.9531Keywords:
Aroma, conventional drying, essential oil, novel hybrid drying, spicesAbstract
Drying is a simple method of preservation and value addition of spices. The moisture content of the spices curtails during the drying, which decreases the biological and enzymatic activity and prolongs the shelf life. The drying method significantly influenced the flavour, chemical composition, appearance, colour, and functional properties of the bioactive compounds. Several new drying technologies are being tested to improve the physiochemical properties of the nutmeg and star anise. This article reviews different solo-drying techniques, such as sun drying, solar drying, infrared and microwave drying as well as hybrid drying such as microwave and infrared-assisted drying applied to nutmeg and star anise. Further, it discusses the impact of drying methods on chemical composition and functional properties. The advantages of novel hybrid drying techniques over conventional methods are also discussed. Further, this review identifies the research gaps and future directions for drying nutmeg and star anise.
Downloads
References
Abhiram G 2018 The correlation of colour and viscosity changes of rice flour with gelatinization percentage under infrared heating. International Journal of Research and Review. 5(2): 26-40.
Abhiram G & Amarathunga K 2024 Effects of far-infrared radiation on the gelatinized rice starch granules. Drying Technology. 42(1): 114-124.
Abhiram G & Amaratunga K 2014 The performance analysis of far infrared emission on rice flour gelatinization. International Research Symposium on Postharvest Technology, Institute of Postharvest Technology, Sri Lanka pp.114-117.
Abhiram G, Briyangari A & Eeswaran R 2023a Drying of Gymnema sylvestre Using Far-Infrared Radiation: Antioxidant Activity and Optimization of Drying Conditions. Agri Engineering. 5(1): 611-622.
Abhiram G, Diraj R & Eeswaran R 2023b Optimization of Black Tea Drying Temperature in an Endless Chain Pressure (ECP) Dryer. Agri Engineering. 5(4): 1989-1999.
Adeyeye SAO 2019 Smoking of fish: a critical review. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology. 17(6): 559-575.
Aktaş M, Şevik S, Amini A & Khanlari A 2016 Analysis of drying of melon in a solar-heat recovery assisted infrared dryer. Solar Energy. 137: 500-515.
Alfiya P, Rajesh G, Murali S, Delfiya DA, Samuel MP, Prince M & Sudheer K 2023 Process optimization for drying of Shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsoni) under hot air‐assisted microwave drying technology using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 46(7): e14338.
Anandu P & Potluri S 2018 Physical properties of infrared (IR) assisted hot air dried nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 42(1): e13359.
Behera G, Sutar P & Aditya S 2017 Development of novel high power-short time (HPST) microwave assisted commercial decontamination process for dried turmeric powder (Curcuma longa L.). Journal of food science and technology. 54(12): 4078-4091.
Bhavaniramya S, Vishnupriya S, Al-Aboody MS, Vijayakumar R & Baskaran D 2019 Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain & Oil Science and Technology. 2(2): 49-55.
Budiastra IW, Zahra AM, Sugiyono & Sutrisno 2021 Physicochemical Properties of Nutmeg Oleoresin Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction from Different Raw Material Qualities and Drying Methods. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology. 11(01): 229-235.
Caccioni DR & Guizzardi M 1994 Inhibition of germination and growth of fruit and vegetable postharvest pathogenic fungi by essential oil components. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 6(2): 173-179.
Cui Z-W, Xu S-Y & Sun D-W 2003 Dehydration of garlic slices by combined microwave-vacuum and air drying. Drying Technology. 21(7): 1173-1184.
Dahlan S, Ahmad U & Subrata I 2018 Visual Method for Detecting Contaminant on Dried Nutmeg Using Fluorescence Imaging. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 147(1): 012003.
Delfiya DA, Prashob K, Murali S, Alfiya P, Samuel MP & Pandiselvam R 2022 Drying kinetics of food materials in infrared radiation drying: A review. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 45(6): e13810.
Deng Z, Yin J, Eeswaran R, Gunaratnam A, Wu J & Zhang H 2024 Interacting effects of water and compound fertilizer on the resource use efficiencies and fruit yield of drip-fertigated Chinese wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.). Technology in Horticulture. 4(1): 1-11
Feng C, Guo H, Xu M, Zhou Y, Lai H, Yan Z, Zhou L, Hu J, Li J & Xiong Y 2022 Effects of Hot Air Drying and Vacuum Drying on Thin-Layer Drying Kinetics and Quality Changes of Essential Oil of the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 25(4): 910-923.
Hemwimon S, Pavasant P & Shotipruk A 2007 Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidative anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. Separation and Purification Technology. 54(1): 44-50.
Huang B, Liang J, Wang G & Qin L 2012 Comparison of the volatile components of Illicium verum and I. lanceolatum from East China. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 15(3): 467-475.
Huang Y, Zhao J, Zhou L, Wang J, Gong Y, Chen X, Guo Z, Wang Q & Jiang W 2010 Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Illicium verum fruit and its main component trans-anethole. Molecules. 15(11): 7558-7569.
Ihsan I, Ilham DN, Putra RA, Candra RA & Budiansyah A 2021 Design and Build a Multilevel Mace Nutmeg Dryer to Improve the People's Economy. Sinkron: jurnal dan penelitian teknik informatika. 6(1): 107-112.
Jeevarathinam G, Pandiselvam R, Pandiarajan T, Preetha P, Krishnakumar T, Balakrishnan M, Thirupathi V, Ganapathy S & Amirtham D 2022 Design, development, and drying kinetics of infrared‐assisted hot air dryer for turmeric slices. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 45(6): e13876.
Juhari N, Lasekan O, Kharidah M & Ab Karim S 2012 Optimization of hot-air drying conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior). J Food Agric Environ. 10(2): 64-72.
Kumar S, Srinivasulu A, John P & Reddy C 2017 Effect of washing and drying methods in the quality of nutmeg. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6: 464-472.
Kumara H, Abhiram G, Raveendran K & Prematilake K 2022 Pre-drying of fermented black tea leaves using far-infrared. AgInsight 2022, Sri Lanka, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences: Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. 4: 55-57.
Majumder P, Sinha A, Gupta R & Sablani SS 2021 Drying of Selected Major Spices: Characteristics and Influencing Parameters, Drying Technologies, Quality Retention and Energy Saving, and Mathematical Models. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 14(6): 1028-1054.
Mariani P, Cappelletti EM, Campoccia D & Baldan B 1989 Oil cell ultrastructure and development in Liriodendron tulipifera L. Botanical Gazette. 150(4): 391-396.
Martynenko A & Misra N 2020 Machine learning in drying. Drying Technology. 38(5-6): 596-609.
Meetha J, Muhammadali P, Joy M, Mahendran R & Santhakumaran A 2016 Pulsed microwave assisted hot air drying of nutmeg mace for better colour retention. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. 25(1): 84-87.
Mohanta B, Dash S, Panda M & Sahoo G 2014 Standardization of process parameters for microwave assisted convective dehydration of ginger. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(4): 673-681.
Moshrefi Zenoozi Z, Soltaninezhad B, Hashemi M & Noori SMA 2022 A review of effective essential oils and their biologically active compounds to protect the safety of food stored against insect pests. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 34(2): 111-122.
Mustayen A, Mekhilef S & Saidur R 2014 Performance study of different solar dryers: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 34: 463-470.
Naeem N, Rehman R, Mushtaq A & Ghania JB 2016 Nutmeg: A review on uses and biological properties. Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci. 9: 107-110.
Nam PN, Lien PTK, Hoa TT, Huong CM & Thien D 2017 Microwave assisted Soxhlet extraction of essential oil from Vietnamese Star anise fruits (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and their chemical composition. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 29(2): 131-137.
Neri L, Giancaterino M, Rocchi R, Tylewicz U, Valbonetti L, Faieta M & Pittia P 2021 Pulsed electric fields (PEF) as hot air drying pre-treatment: Effect on quality and functional properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 67: 102592.
Nikolic V, Nikolic L, Dinic A, Gajic I, Urosevic M, Stanojevic L, Stanojevic J & Danilovic B 2021 Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 24(2): 218-227.
Ning X, Feng Y, Gong Y, Chen Y, Qin J & Wang D 2019 Drying features of microwave and far-infrared combination drying on white ginseng slices. Food Science and Biotechnology. 28(4): 1065-1072.
Orphanides A, Goulas V & Gekas V 2016 Drying technologies: Vehicle to high-quality herbs. Food Engineering Reviews. 8(2): 164-180.
Palamanit A, Sugira AM, Soponronnarit S, Prachayawarakorn S, Tungtrakul P, Kalkan F & Raghavan V 2019 Study on quality attributes and drying kinetics of instant parboiled rice fortified with turmeric using hot air and microwave-assisted hot air drying. Drying Technology 38(4):1-14
Pan J, Zhu Y, Abdel-Samie MA, Li C, Cui H & Lin L 2022 Biological properties of essential oil emphasized on the feasibility as antibiotic substitute in feedstuff. Grain & Oil Science and Technology. 6(1): 10-23
Pateiro M, Munekata PE, Sant'Ana AS, Domínguez R, Rodríguez-Lázaro D & Lorenzo JM 2021 Application of essential oils as antimicrobial agents against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in meat products. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 337: 108966.
Patra JK, Das G, Bose S, Banerjee S, Vishnuprasad CN, del Pilar Rodriguez‐Torres M & Shin HS 2020 Star anise (Illicium verum): Chemical compounds, antiviral properties, and clinical relevance. Phytotherapy Research. 34(6): 1248-1267.
Pavane D, Khandetod Y & Mohod A 2018 Technoeconomics of pyramid shape solar-biomass hybrid drying of nutmeg. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 7(10): 1984-1993.
Punetha A, Chauhan A, Kumar D, KT V, Upadhyay R & Padalia R 2022 Productivity and essential oil quality of Himalayan Thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) in relation to plant densities and drying methods. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 29(2): 1-8.
Rao KS, Keshar NK & Kumar B 2012 A comparative study of polyphenolic composition and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Illicium verum extracted by microwave and soxhlet extraction techniques. Ind J Pharm Edu Res. 46(3): 228.
Roopaljith K & Vignesh C 2022 Study on drying kinetics of mace. Food Science and Technology: An International Journal (FSTJ). 01(01): 35-49.
Routray W & Orsat V 2012 Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 5(2): 409-424.
Sembiring B 2020 Reducing aflatoxin contamination of nutmeg using drying methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 418(1): 012030.
Shi Y, Chen G, Chen K, Chen X, Hong Q & Kan J 2021 Assessment of fresh star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) drying methods for influencing drying characteristics, color, flavor, volatile oil and shikimic acid. Food Chemistry. 342: 128359.
Srinivas Y, Mathew SM, Kothakota A, Sagarika N & Pandiselvam R 2020 Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying of nutmeg mace for essential oil enriched extracts: An assessment of drying kinetics, process optimization and quality. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 66: 102541.
Straumite E, Kruma Z, Galoburda R & Saulite K 2012 Effect of blanching on the quality of microwave vacuum dried dill (Anethum graveolens L.). International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering. 6(4): 150-156.
Sumnu G & Sahin S 2005 Recent developments in microwave heating. Emerging technologies for food processing pp.419-444.
Thamkaew G, Sjöholm I & Galindo FG 2021 A review of drying methods for improving the quality of dried herbs. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 61(11): 1763-1786.
Therdthai N & Zhou W 2009 Characterization of microwave vacuum drying and hot air drying of mint leaves (Mentha cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen). Journal of Food Engineering. 91(3): 482-489.
Vega A, Fito P, Andrés A & Lemus R 2007 Mathematical modeling of hot-air drying kinetics of red bell pepper (var. Lamuyo). Journal of Food Engineering. 79(4): 1460-1466.
Wang Q, Li S, Han X, Ni Y, Zhao D & Hao J 2019 Quality evaluation and drying kinetics of shitake mushrooms dried by hot air, infrared and intermittent microwave–assisted drying methods. Lwt. 107: 236-242.
Wang Z, Wang L, Li T, Zhou X, Ding L, Yu Y, Yu A & Zhang H 2006 Rapid analysis of the essential oils from dried Illicium verum Hook. f. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. by improved solvent-free microwave extraction with three types of microwave-absorption medium. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 386(6): 1863-1868.
Wen Y-X, Chen L-Y, Li B-S, Ruan Z & Pan Q 2021 Effect of infrared radiation-hot air (IR-HA) drying on kinetics and quality changes of star anise (Illicium verum). Drying Technology. 39(1): 90-103.
Wong Y, Lee P & Nurdiyana WW 2014 Extraction and antioxidative activity of essential oil from star anise (Illicium verum). Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 30(3): 1159.
Yu C, Zhang J & Wang T 2021 Star anise essential oil： chemical compounds, antifungal and antioxidant activities: a review. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 33(1): 1-22.
Zhai Y, Sun S, Wang Z, Cheng J, Sun Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang H & Yu A 2009 Microwave extraction of essential oils from dried fruits of Illicium verum Hook. f. and Cuminum cyminum L. using ionic liquid as the microwave absorption medium. Journal of Separation Science. 32(20): 3544-3549.
Zhao F, Liu Y & Quan M-P 2019 Influence of drying technology on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) fruit. EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 1(3): 50-57.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Gunaratnam Abhiram
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
.