Transformation and cycling of major nutrient elements in soils and their fractionation influenced by land use and management practices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jaa.2025.v11.9770Keywords:
Nutrient fractionation, Soil aggregate, Nutrient transformation, Microbial activity, Land use, Soil managementAbstract
Soil nutrient fractionation is fundamental process in determining soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Major nutrient elements, viz. carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S), exist in various forms in soil and undergo dynamic transformations due to biological, chemical, and physical processes. Factors including soil texture, pH, moisture, temperature, and microbial activity influence these nutrient transformations. Soil aggregates and microbial communities help in nutrient retention and cycling, as well as impact on plant nutrient uptake. Nutrient content may vary across different soils, like saline, acidic, and calcareous soils, which emphasizes the complexity of nutrient dynamics and the need for specific management approaches. Nowadays, researchers use different methods to determine nutrient fractions in soil. These methods help to identify nutrient pool and nutrient availability in soil. Land use and management practices including tillage, residue incorporation, and fertilization influence nutrient fractionation. Sustainable soil management practices like conservation agriculture, green manuring, and biochar application help maintain nutrient balance, improve soil health, and enhance long-term agricultural productivity. This review highlights current information on the fractionation of C, N, P, K, and S in soil, their transformations, and the role of microbes in their cycling. It also investigates the effects of land uses and management practices on nutrient fractions and soil fertility. Advancing this field requires an integrated approach that links microbial processes with multi-nutrient cycling to create predictive models for sustainable soil management. Understanding these processes is essential for developing sustainable agriculture strategies that increase nutrient availability and minimizes environmental damage.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, W., Qaswar, M., Jing, H., Wenjun, D., Geng, S., Kailou, L., Ying, M., Ao, T., Mei, S., Chao, L., Yongmei, X., Ali, S., Normatov, Y., Mehmood, S., Khan, M. N., & Huimin, Z. (2020). Tillage practices improve rice yield and soil phosphorus fractions in two typical paddy soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 850-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02468-3
Alkharabsheh, H. M., Seleiman, M. F., Battaglia, M. L., Shami, A., Jalal, R. S., Alhammad, B. A., Almutairi, K. F., & Al-Saif, A. M. (2021). Biochar and its broad impacts in soil quality and fertility, nutrient leaching and crop productivity: A review. Agronomy, 11(5), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050993
Antonangelo, J. A., Sun, X., & Eufrade-Junior, H. de J. (2025). Biochar impact on soil health and tree-based crops: A review. Biochar, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-025-00450-6
Arai, M., Tayasu, I., Komatsuzaki, M., Uchida, M., Shibata, Y., & Kaneko, N. (2013). Changes in soil aggregate carbon dynamics under no-tillage with respect to earthworm biomass revealed by radiocarbon analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 126, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.07.003
Athokpam, H. S., Singh, R. K. K., Singh, L. N., Singh, N. G., Chongtham, N., & Singh, A. K. K. (2007). Sulphur status and forms in acid soils of Manipur. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 41(3), 205-209.
Balík, J., Kulhánek, M., Černý, J., Száková, J., Pavlíková, D., & Čermák, P. (2009). Differences in soil sulfur fractions due to limitation of atmospheric deposition. Plant, Soil and Environment, 55(8), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.17221/101/2009-PSE
Barre, P., Velde, B., Fontaine, C., Catel, N., & Abbadie, L. (2008). Which 2:1 clay minerals are involved in the soil potassium reservoir? Insights from potassium addition or removal experiments on three temperate grassland soil clay assemblages. Geoderma, 146(1-2), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.05.022
Batjes, N. H. (1996). Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science, 47(2), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
Bauer, P. J., Frederick, J. R., & Busschere, W. J. (2002). Tillage effect on nutrient stratification in narrow- and wide-row cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research, 66(2), 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00025-9
Bechmann, M. (2014). Long-term monitoring of nitrogen in surface and subsurface runoff from small agricultural dominated catchments in Norway. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 198, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.010
Beheshti, A., Raiesi, F., & Golchin, A. (2012). Soil properties, C fractions and their dynamics in land use conversion from native forests to croplands in northern Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 148, 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.001
Beller, H. R., Letain, T. E., Chakicherla, A., Kane, S. R., Legler, T. C., & Coleman, M. A. (2006). Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of chemolithoautotrophic thiosulfate oxidation by Thiobacillus denitrificans under aerobic versus denitrifying conditions. Journal of Bacteriology, 188(10), 7005-7015. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00568-06
Bhadha, J. H., Daroub, S. H., & Lang, T. A. (2012). Effect of kinetic control, soil:solution ratio, electrolyte cation, and others, on equilibrium phosphorus concentration. Geoderma, 173-174, 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.12.027
Biederbeck, V. O., Campbell, C. A., Bowren, K. E., Schnitzer, M., & Mclver, R. N. (1980). Effect of burning cereal straw on soil properties and grain yields in Saskatchewan. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(1), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400010022x
Bilkis, S., Abedin, M. M. J., Rafiqul, I. M., & Mosleuddin, A. Z. M. (2014). Fractionation of potassium in soil amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University, 12(1), 71-74.
Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.
Blair, G. J., Lefroy, R. D. B., & Lisle, L. (1995). Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 46(7), 1459-1466. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9951459
Bolliger, A., Magid, J., Amado, J. C. T., Neto, F. S., Ribeiro, M. de F. dos S., Calegari, A., Ralisch, R., & de Neergaard, A. (2006). Taking stock of the Brazilian "Zero-till revolution": A review of landmark research and farmers' practice. Advances in Agronomy, 91, 47-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(06)91002-5
Bossuyt, H., Six, J., & Hendrix, P. F. (2005). Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.035
Bouray, M., Bayad, M., Beniaich, A., El-Naggar, A. G., Muenich, R. L., El Mejahed, K., Oukarroum, A., & El Gharous, M. (2024). Identifying hidden factors influencing soil Olsen-P in an alkaline calcareous soil using machine learning and geostatistical techniques. Heliyon, 10(21), e40128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40128
Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (1999). The nature and properties of soils. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bremner, J. M., & Keeney, D. R. (1965). Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta, 32, 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88973-4
Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen-total. In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller & D. R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed., pp. 595-624). Madison, WI: ASA-SSSA.
Brown, K. A. (1982). Sulphur in the environment: A review. Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, 3(1), 47-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-148X(82)90042-8
Burrus, D., Thomas, R. L., Dominik, J., Vernet, J.-P., & Dominik, J. (1990). Characteristics of suspended sediment in the Upper Rhone River, Switzerland, including the particulate forms of phosphorus. Hydrological Processes, 4(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360040108
Calder, I. R. (1993). Hydrologic effects of land-use change. In D. R. Maidment (Ed.), Handbook of Hydrology (pp. 13.1-13.50). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Carreira, J. A., García-Ruiz, R., Liétor, J., & Harrison, A. F. (2000). Changes in soil phosphatase activity and P transformation rates induced by application of N- and S-containing acid-mist to a forest canopy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(13), 1857-1865. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00159-0
Chan, K. Y. (2006). Soil particulate organic carbon under different land use and management. Soil Use and Management, 17(4), 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00030.x
Chang, S. C., & Jackson, M. L. (1957). Fractionation of soil phosphorus. Soil Science, 84(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195708000-00005
Chapman, S. J. (1987). Microbial sulphur in some Scottish soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19(3), 301-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90013-7
Chen, E., Guan, L., Wang, J., Yan, L., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Zhou, L., Chen, L., & Li, R. (2001). Compositional proportion of soil characteristic micro aggregates and soil fertility evaluation. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 38(1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.11766/trxb199910270107
Chimouriya, S., Lamichhane, J., & Gauchan, D. P. (2018). Green manure for restoring and improving the soil nutrients quality. International Journal of Research, 5(20), 1064-1074.
Cox, A. E., Joern, B. C., Brouder, S. M., & Gao, D. (1999). Plant available potassium assessment with a modified sodium tetraphenyl boron method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63(4), 902-911. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.634902x
Craswell, E. T., Saffigna, P. G., & Waring, S. A. (1970). The mineralization of organic nitrogen in dry soil aggregates of different sizes. Plant and Soil, 33, 383-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01378229
Crews, T. E., & Brookes, P. C. (2014). Changes in soil phosphorus forms through time in perennial versus annual agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 184, 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.11.022
Curtin, D., Campbell, C. A., & Jalil, A. (1998). Effects of acidity on mineralization pH dependence of organic matter mineralization in weakly acidic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00094-1
Czaban, J., & Kobus, J. (2000). Oxidation of elemental sulfur by bacteria and fungi in soil. Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 49(2), 135-147.
Danga, B. O., Ouma, J. P., Wakindiki, I. I. C., & Bar-Tal, A. (2009). Legume-wheat rotation effects on residual soil moisture, nitrogen and wheat yield in tropical regions. Advances in Agronomy, 101, 315-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00805-5
Dash, N., & Dangar, T. (2017). Perspectives of phosphate-solubilizing microbes for plant growth promotion, especially rice - A review. International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Reviews, 18(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2017/34136
Davidson, E. A., & Ackerman, I. L. (1993). Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils. Biogeochemistry, 20, 161-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000786
Dellagi, A., Quillere, I., & Hirel, B. (2020). Beneficial soil-borne bacteria and fungi: A promising way to improve plant nitrogen acquisition. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(15), 4469-4479. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa112
Denef, K., & Six, J. (2005). Clay mineralogy determines the importance of biological versus abiotic processes for macroaggregate formation and stabilization. European Journal of Soil Science, 56(4), 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00682.x
Deng, S. P., & Tabatabai, M. A. (1997). Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils: III. Phosphatases and arylsulfatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 24, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050222
Długosz, J., & Piotrowska-Długosz, A. (2016). Spatial variability of soil nitrogen forms and the activity of N-cycle enzymes. Plant, Soil and Environment, 62(11), 502-507. https://doi.org/10.17221/251/2016-PSE
Doll, E. C., & Lucas, R. E. (1973). Testing soils for potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In L. M. Walsh & J. D. Beaton (Eds.), Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (3rd ed., pp. 133-151). Madison, WI: SSSA.
Doran, J. W. (1987). Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen distributions in no-tillage and plowed soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 5, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00264349
Du Preez, C. C., Steyn, J. T., & Kotze, E. (2001). Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semi-arid Plinthosol. Soil and Tillage Research, 63(1-2), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00227-6
Du, Z., Ren, T., Hu, C., Zhang, Q., & Blanco-Canqui, H. (2013). Soil aggregate stability and aggregate-associated carbon under different tillage systems in the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 12(11), 2114-2123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60428-1
Dubey, L., Dubey, M., & Jain, P. (2015). Role of green manuring in organic farming. Plant Archives, 15, 23-26.
Dutta, J., Sankhyan, N. K., Sharma, S. P., Sharma, G. D., & Sharma, S. K. (2013). Sulfur fractions in acid soil continuously fertilized with chemical fertilizers and amendments under maize-wheat system. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 61(3), 195-201.
Enchilik, P., Aseyeva, E., & Semenkov, I. (2023). Labile and stable fractions of organic carbon in a soil catena (the Central Forest Nature Reserve, Russia). Forests, 14(7), 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071367
Eriksen, J. (2009). Soil sulfur cycling in temperate agricultural systems. Advances in Agronomy, 102, 55-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(09)01002-5
Fartyal, A., Bargali, S. S., Bargali, K., & Negi, B. (2025). Changes in soil properties, organic carbon, and nutrient stocks after land-use change from forests to grasslands in Kumaun Himalaya, India. Land Degradation & Development, 36(7), 2438-2457. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5507
Foth, H. D. (1978). Fundamentals of soil science. (7th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Fotyma, M. (2007). Content of potassium in different forms in the soils of southeast Poland. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 40, 19-32.
Freney, J. R. (1967). Oxidation of sulphur in soils. Mineralium Deposita, 2, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201914
Freney, J. R. (1986). Forms and reactions of organic sulfur compounds in soils. In M. A. Tabatabai (Ed.), Sulfur in Agriculture (pp. 207-232) Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr27.c6
Geissen, V., Sánchez-Hernández, R., Kampichler, C., Ramos-Reyes, R., Sepulveda-Lozada, A., Ochoa-Goana, S., de Jong, B. H. J., Huerta-Lwanga, E., & Hernández-Daumas, S. (2009). Effects of land-use change on some properties of tropical soils - An example from Southeast Mexico. Geoderma, 151(3-4), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.03.011
Germida, J. J., Wainwright, M., & Gupta, V. V. S. R. (2021). Biochemistry of sulfur cycling in soil. In J.-M. Bollag & G. Stotzky (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry (Vol. 7, pp. 1-53). Boca Raton, US: CRC Press.
Gnida, A., Wiszniowski, J., Felis, E., Sikora, J., Surmacz-Górska, J., & Miksch, K. (2016). The effect of temperature on the efficiency of industrial wastewater nitrification and its (geno)toxicity. Archives of Environmental Protection, 42(1), 27-34.
Gourav, Sankhyan, N. K., Sharma, R. P., & Sharma, G. D. (2018). Vertical distribution of sulfur fractions in a continuously fertilized acid alfisol under maize-wheat cropping system. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49(8), 923-933. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1448409
Gray, N. F. (2008). Drinking water quality: Problems and solutions. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805387
Gunina, A., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2014). Pathways of litter C by formation of aggregates and SOM density fractions: Implications from 13C natural abundance. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 71, 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.011
Gupta, V. V. S. R., & Germida, J. J. (1988). Distribution of microbial biomass and its activity in different soil aggregate size classes as affected by cultivation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20(6), 777-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90082-X
Gworek, B., Łabętowicz, J., Kijeńska, M., Tokarz, L., & Barański, A. (2021). Nitrogen transformations from nitrogen fertilizers in soils of central and eastern Europe in changing climatic conditions. Soil Science Annual, 72(1), 132440. https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/132440
Haque, M. A. (2018). Variation in salinity through the soil profile in south coastal region of Bangladesh. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, 42(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v42i1.37829
Haque, M. A., Jahiruddin, M., & Bell, R. W. (2025). Early sowing of wheat with minimum tillage on wet soils increases yield potential and phosphorus fertilizer requirements on the coastal ecosystem. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 25, 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-02183-0
Haque, M. A., Jahiruddin, M., Hoque, M. F., Islam, M. S., Hossain, M. B., Satter, M. A., Haque, M. E., & Bell, R. W. (2023). Increasing the use efficiency of fertilizer phosphorus for maize in low- P Ganges delta soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 46(10), 2257-2275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2155544
Haque, M. A., Jahiruddin, M., Rahman, M. M., & Saleque, M. A. (2015). Usability of bioslurry to improve system productivity and economic return under potato-rice cropping system. Research in Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, 2(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i1.23026
Haro, R., & Benito, B. (2019). The role of soil fungi in K⁺ plant nutrition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(13), 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133169
Hartmann, J., & Moosdorf, N. (2011). Chemical weathering rates of silicate-dominated lithological classes and associated liberation rates of phosphorus on the Japanese archipelago: Implications for global scale analysis. Chemical Geology, 287(3-4), 125-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.004
Hedley, M. J., Stewart, J. W. B., & Chauhan, B. S. (1982). Changes in inorganic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation practices and by laboratory incubations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46(5), 970-976. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600050017x
Hieltjes, A. H. M., & Lijklema, L. (1980). Fractionation of inorganic phosphates in calcareous sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9(3), 405-407. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1980.00472425000900030015x
Hoque, T. S., Afrin, S., Jahan, I., Mian, M. J. A., & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Vertical distribution of soil nutrients under different land use systems in Bangladesh. Journal of Arid Land Agriculture, 6, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.25081/jaa.2020.v6.6438
Hu, A., Huang, R., Liu, G., Huang, D., & Huan, H. (2022). Effects of green manure combined with phosphate fertilizer on movement of soil organic carbon fractions in tropical sown pasture. Agronomy, 12(5), 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051101
Hu, X., Chen, J., & Guo, J. (2006). Two phosphate- and potassium-solubilizing bacteria isolated from Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang, China. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22, 983-990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-006-9144-2
Huang, Q., Tang, S., Huang, X., & Yi, Q. (2016). Characteristics of the acidity and sulphate fractions in acid sulphate soils and their relationship with rice yield. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 154(8), 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185961600006X
Huang, X.-F., Chaparro, J. M., Reardon, K. F., Zhang, R., Shen, Q., & Vivanco, J. M. (2014). Rhizosphere interactions: Root exudates, microbes, and microbial communities. Botany, 92(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0225
Hussain, A., Chen, L., Jamil, M. A., Abid, K., Khan, K., Duan, W., Li, C., & Khan, A. (2022). Changes in soil-phosphorus fractions by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in Korean pine plantation and its natural forest. Forests, 13(4), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13040527
Igalavithana, A. D., Ok, Y. S., Usman, A. R. A., Al-Wabel, M. I., Oleszczuk, P., & Lee, S. S. (2016). The effects of biochar amendment on soil fertility. In M. Guo, Z. He & S. M. Uchimiya (Eds.), Agricultural and Environmental Applications of Biochar: Advances and Barriers (pp. 123-144) Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, Inc. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0040
Islam, M. R., Rony, M., Afroz, H., Islam, M. S., & Hoque, M. M. (2014). Phosphorus fractionation in acid soil of Lakkatura tea garden, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Journal of Soil and Nature, 7(1), 1-6.
Islam, R., Ahmed, R., Dey, B., Haque, M. S., Aktar, S., Bhuiyan, M. S., Arif, M. S., Ador, M. A. H., Haque, M. M. U., & Saha, N. (2023). Salinity hazard drives the alteration of occupation, land use and ecosystem service in the coastal areas: Evidence from the south-western coastal region of Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(8), e18512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18512
Jahangir, M. M. R., Jahiruddin, M., Akter, H., Pervin, R., Islam, K. R. (2021). Cropping diversity with rice influences soil aggregate formation and nutrient storage under different tillage systems. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 184(1), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202000310
Jaiyeoba, I. A. (2003). Changes in soil properties due to continuous cultivation in Nigerian semiarid savannah. Soil and Tillage Research, 70(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00138-1
Jansson, J. K., & Hofmockel, K. S. (2018). The soil microbiome-from metagenomics to metaphenomics. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 43, 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.013
Janzen, H. H., Campbell, C. A., Brandt, S. A., Lafond, G. P., & Townley-Smith, L. (1992). Light-fraction organic matter in soils from long-term crop rotations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56(6), 1799-1806. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060025x
Jha, P., De, A., Lakaria, B. L., Biswas, A. K., Singh, M., Reddy, K. S., & Rao, A. S. (2012). Soil carbon pools, mineralization, and fluxes associated with land use change in vertisols of Central India. National Academy Science Letters, 35, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-012-0082-2
Johnson, C. M., & Nishita, H. (1952). Microestimation of sulfur in plant materials, soils, and irrigation waters. Analytical Chemistry, 24(4), 736-742. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60064a032
Jong, E. D., & Kachanoski, R. G. (1988). The importance of erosion in the carbon balance of prairie soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 68(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-010
Joseph, S., Cowie, A. L., Van Zwieten, L., Bolan, N., Budai, A., Buss, W., Cayuela, M. L., Graber, E. R., Ippolito, J. A., Kuzyakov, Y., Luo, Y., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Shepherd, J., Stephens, S., Weng, Z., & Lehmann, J. (2021). How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy, 13(11), 1731-1764. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12885
Kapkiyai, J. J., Karanja, N. K., Qureshi, J. N., Smithson, P. C., & Woomer, P. L. (1999). Soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics in a Kenyan nitisol under long-term fertilizer and organic input management. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(13), 1773-1782. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00088-7
Kashem, M. A., Akinremi, O. O., & Racz, G. J. (2004). Phosphorus fractions in soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 84(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.4141/S03-018
Kassa, M., Kebede, F., & Haile, W. (2021). Forms and dynamics of soil potassium in acid soil in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2021(1), 8855585. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9917316
Kaur, H. (2019). Forms of potassium in soil and their relationship with soil properties—A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1580-1586. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.184
Kaushik, U., Raj, D., Rani, P., Antil, R. S., & Vijaykant. (2018). A comparison of different fractions of organic carbon and organic nitrogen under different land use systems of Haryana. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6(5), 184-197. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6697
Kertesz, M. A., & Mirleau, P. (2004). The role of soil microbes in plant sulphur nutrition. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55(404), 1939-1945. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh176
Khan, S. A., Mulvaney, R. L., & Hoeft, R. G. (2001). A simple soil test for detecting sites that are nonresponsive to nitrogen fertilization. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(6), 1751-1760. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.1751
Khanam, S., Haque, M. A., Hoque, M. F., & Islam, M. T. (2020). Assessment of salinity level and some nutrients in different depths of soil at Kalapara Upazila of Patuakhali District. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 35(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i1230306
Kiani, M., Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Quideau, S., Smith, E., Janzen H., Larney, F. J., & Puurveen, D. (2017). Quantifying sensitive soil quality indicators across contrasting long-term land management systems: Crop rotations and nutrient regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 248, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.018
Kong, A. Y. Y., Six, J., Bryant, D. C., Denison, R. F., & van Kessel, C. (2005). The relationship between carbon input, aggregation, and soil organic carbon stabilization in sustainable cropping systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69(4), 1078-1085. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0215
Kraft, B., Strous, M., & Tegetmeyer, H. E. (2011). Microbial nitrate respiration—Genes, enzymes, and environmental distribution. Journal of Biotechnology, 155(1), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.025
Kresović, M., Jakovljević, M., Blagojević, S., & Žarković, B. (2010). Nitrogen transformation in acid soils subjected to pH value changes. Archives of Biological Sciences, 62(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1001129K
Kritzler, U. H., & Johnson, D. (2010). Mineralisation of carbon and plant uptake of phosphorus from microbially-derived organic matter in response to 19 years of simulated nitrogen deposition. Plant and Soil, 326, 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0009-y
Kruse, J., Abraham, M., Amelung, W., Baum, C., Bol, R., Kühn, O., Lewandowski, H., Niederberger, J., Oelmann, Y., Rüger, C., Santner, J., Siebers, M., Siebers, N., Spohn, M., Vestergren, J., Vogts, A., & Leinweber, P. (2015). Innovative methods in soil phosphorus research: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 178(1), 43-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201400327
Kulhánek, M., Balík, J., Černý, J., Sedlář, O., & Vašák, F. (2016). Evaluating soil sulfur forms changes under different fertilizing systems during long-term field experiments. Plant, Soil and Environment, 62(9), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.17221/236/2016-PSE
Kumar, U., Cheng, M., Islam, M. J., Maniruzzaman, M., Nasreen, S. S., Haque, M. E., Rahman, M. T., Jahiruddin, M., Bell, R. W., & Jahangir, M. M. R. (2022). Long-term conservation agriculture increases sulfur pools in soils together with increased soil organic carbon compared to conventional practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 223, 105474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105474
Kurmi, B., Nath, A. J., Lal, R., & Das, A. K. (2020). Water stable aggregates and the associated active and recalcitrant carbon in soil under rubber plantation. Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135498
Lakhena, K. K., Pooniya, V., Biswakarma, N., Zhiipao, R. R., Singh, A., Kumar, D., Shivay, Y. S., Govindasamy, P., Bana, R. S., Rathore, S. S., Upadhayay, P. K., Barman, A., Swarnalakshmi, K., Choudhary, R. L., Jat, R. D., Ramakrishnan, S., Jat, S. L., & Jat, R. (2025). Impact of nine years of conservation tillage and precise nutrient management on equivalent yields, soil microbial dynamics, and water-energy footprints of the maize-mustard rotation. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1359281. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1359281
Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma, 123(1-2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.032
Lal, R. (2008). Carbon sequestration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1492), 815-830. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2185
Lalitha, M., & Dhakshinamoorthy, M. (2014). Forms of soil potassium—A review. Agricultural Reviews, 35(1), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0741.35.1.008
Lam, P., & Kuypers, M. M. M. (2011). Microbial nitrogen cycling processes in oxygen minimum zones. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 317-345. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142814
Leenheer, J. A., & Huffman, E. W. (1979). Analytical method for dissolved-organic carbon fractionation. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-4. Reston, VA: USGS. https://doi.org/10.3133/wri794
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems—a review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 403-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5
Li, X., Wu, Z., Li, W., Yan, R., Li, L., Li, J., Li, Y., & Li, M. (2007). Growth-promoting effect of a transgenic Bacillus mucilaginosus on tobacco planting. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74, 1120-1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0750-6
Li, Y., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Wang, M., & Liang, Z. (2017). Assessment of ammonia volatilization losses and nitrogen utilization during the rice growing season in alkaline salt-affected soils. Sustainability, 9(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010132
Li, Y., Xu, J., Liu, S., Qi, Z., Wang, H., Wei, Q., Gu, Z., Liu, X., & Hameed, F. (2020). Salinity-induced concomitant increases in soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Geoderma, 361, 114053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114053
Liu, M., Ussiri, D. A. N., & Lal, R. (2016). Soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions under different land uses and tillage practices. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47(12), 1528-1541. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1194993
Liu, S., Meng, J., Jiang, L., Yang, X., Lan, Y., Cheng, X., & Chen, W. (2017). Rice husk biochar impacts soil phosphorus availability, phosphatase activities, and bacterial community characteristics in three different soil types. Applied Soil Ecology, 116, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.03.020
Lumbanraja, J., Syam, T., Nishide, H., Mahi, A. K., Utomo, M., Sarno, & Kimura, M. (1998). Deterioration of soil fertility by land use changes in south Sumatra, Indonesia: From 1970 to 1990. Hydrological Processes, 12(13-14), 2003-2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19981030)12:13/14<2003::AID-HYP715>3.0.CO;2-D
Luo, Z., Wang, E., & Sun, O. J. (2010). Soil carbon change and its responses to agricultural practices in Australian agro-ecosystems: A review and synthesis. Geoderma, 155(3-4), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.012
Lv, L., Gao, Z., Liao, K., Zhu, Q., & Zhu, J. (2023). Impact of conservation tillage on the distribution of soil nutrients with depth. Soil and Tillage Research, 225, 105527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105527
Maqsood, M. A., Awan, U. K., Aziz, T., Arshad, H., Ashraf, N., & Ali, M. (2016). Nitrogen management in calcareous soils: Problems and solutions. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(1), 79-95.
McBride, M. B. (1994). Environmental chemistry of soils. New York: Oxford University Press.
McCarty, G. W., Meisinger, J. J., & Jenniskens, F. M. M. (1995). Relationships between total-N, biomass-N and active-N in soil under different tillage and N fertilizer treatments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27(10), 1245-1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00060-R
McGill, W. B., & Cole, C. V. (1981). Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C, N, S, and P through soil organic matter. Geoderma, 26(4), 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(81)90024-0
Memon, A. A., Rajpar, I., Jamro, G. M., & Shah, J. A. (2024). Effect of potassium sources and soil calcareous levels on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth at the early stage. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2024/37.1.13.32
Meyer, B., Imhoff, J. F., & Kuever, J. (2007). Molecular analysis of the distribution and phylogeny of the soxB gene among sulfur-oxidizing bacteria—Evolution of the Sox sulfur oxidation enzyme system. Environmental Microbiology, 9(12), 2957-2977. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01407.x
Mikha, M. M., & Rice, C. W. (2004). Tillage and manure effects on soil and aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68(3), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.8090
Miransari, M. (2013). Soil microbes and the availability of soil nutrients. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35(11), 3075-3084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1338-2
Miransari, M., & Smith, D. L. (2007). Overcoming the stressful effects of salinity and acidity on soybean nodulation and yields using signal molecule genistein under field conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(12), 1967-1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701700384
Mitchell, J. K., Walher, S. E., Hirschi, M. C., Cooke, R. A. C., & Banasik, K. (1998). Nitrate losses under various nitrogen management systems. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 458, 431-442.
Mitter, E. K., Tosi, M., Obregón, D., Dunfield, K. E., Germida, J. J. (2021). Rethinking crop nutrition in times of modern microbiology: Innovative biofertilizer technologies. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 606815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.606815
Moges, A., Dagnachew, M., & Yimer, F. (2013). Land use effects on soil quality indicators: A case study of Abo-Wonsho, Southern Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2013, 784989. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/784989
Morgan, J. B., & Connolly, E. L. (2013). Plant-soil interactions: Nutrient uptake. Nature Education Knowledge, 4(8), 2.
Murphy, R. P., Montes-Molina, J. A., Govaerts, B., Six, J., van Kessel, C., & Fonte, S. J. (2016). Crop residue retention enhances soil properties and nitrogen cycling in smallholder maize systems of Chiapas, Mexico. Applied Soil Ecology, 103, 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.03.014
Mustafa, A., Minggang, X., Shah, S. A. A., Abrar, M. M., Nan, S., Baoren, W., Zejiang, C., Saeed, Q., Naveed, M., Mehmood, K., & Núñez-Delgado, A. (2020). Soil aggregation and soil aggregate stability regulate organic carbon and nitrogen storage in a red soil of southern China. Journal of Environmental Management, 270, 110894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110894
Nandan, R., Singh, V., Singh, S. S., Kumar, V., Hazra, K. K., Nath, C. P., Poonia, S., Malik, R. K., Bhattacharyya, R., & McDonald, A. (2019). Impact of conservation tillage in rice-based cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools, and nutrients. Geoderma, 340, 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.001
Nelson, N. O., Agudelo, S. C., Yuan, W., & Gan, J. (2011). Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in biochar-amended soils. Soil Science, 176(5), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3182171eac
Norton, J., & Ouyang, Y. (2019). Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01931
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Omar, L., Ahmed, O. H., Jalloh, M. B., & Nik Muhamad, A. M. (2020). Soil nitrogen fractions, nitrogen use efficiency and yield of Zea mays L. grown on a tropical acid soil treated with composts and clinoptilolite zeolite. Applied Sciences, 10(12), 4139. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124139
Pan, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Gao, P., Bai, T., Cao, W., Xie, J., Liu, C., & Yuan, X. (2019). Distribution and stoichiometry of water-stable aggregates of different vegetation restoration patterns in degraded red soil regions. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 33(4), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2019.04.027
Parton, W. J., Schimel, D. S., Cole, C. V., & Ojima, D. S. (1987). Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51(5), 1173-1179. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050015x
Podile, A. R., & Kishore, G. K. (2006). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. In S. S. Gnanamanickam (Ed.), Plant-Associated Bacteria (pp. 195-230). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4538-7_6
Prajapati, K., Sharma, M. C., & Modi, H. A. (2012). Isolation of two potassium solubilizing fungi from ceramic industry soils. Life Sciences Leaflets, 27, 71-75.
Priess, J. A., de Koning, G. H. J., & Veldkamp, A. (2001). Assessment of interactions between land use change and carbon and nutrient fluxes in Ecuador. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 85(1-3), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00193-1
Qu, Q., Xu, H.-W., Wu, X., Meng, M., Wang, G.-L., & Xue, S. (2019). Soil aggregate stability and its stoichiometric characteristics in Robinia pseudoacacia forest within different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau, China. Environmental Science, 40(6), 2904-2911.
Rabot, E., Wiesmeier, M., Schlüter, S., & Vogel, H. J. (2018). Soil structure as an indicator of soil functions: A review. Geoderma, 314, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.11.009
Randhawa, P. S., Condron, L. M., Di, H. J., Sinaj, S., & McLenaghen, R. D. (2005). Effect of green manure addition on soil organic phosphorus mineralization. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 73, 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-0593-z
Read, J. W., & Ridgell, R. H. (1922). On the use of the conventional carbon factor in estimating soil organic matter. Soil Science, 13(1), 1-6.
Redel, Y. D., Rubio, R., Rouanet, J. L., & Borie, F. (2007). Phosphorus bioavailability affected by tillage and crop rotation on a Chilean volcanic-derived Ultisol. Geoderma, 139(3-4), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.018
Reijneveld, A., van Wensem, J., & Oenema, O. (2009). Soil organic carbon contents of agricultural land in the Netherlands between 1984 and 2004. Geoderma, 152(3-4), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.06.007
Rengasamy, P. (2010). Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils. Functional Plant Biology, 37(7), 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09249
Rice, C. W., Smith, M. S., & Blevins, R. L. (1986). Soil nitrogen availability after long-term continuous no-tillage and conventional tillage corn production. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(5), 1206-1210. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050023x
Römheld, V. (2012). Diagnosis of deficiency and toxicity of nutrients. In P. Marschner (Ed.), Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (3rd ed., pp. 299-312). London, UK: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00011-X
Rosa-Magri, M. M., Avansini, S. H., Lopes-Assad, M. L., Tauk-Tornisielo, S. M., & Ceccato-Antonini, S. R. (2012). Release of potassium from rock powder by the yeast Torulaspora globosa. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 55(4), 577-582. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132012000400013
Rossete, A. L. R. M., Bendassolli, J. A., & Trivelin, P. C. O. (2008). Organic sulfur oxidation to sulfate in soil samples for total sulfur determination by turbidimetry. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 32(6), 2547-2553. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832008000600031
Rubio, B., & Gil-Sotres, F. (1997). Distribution of four major forms of potassium in soils of Galicia (N.W. Spain). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 28(19-20), 1805-1816. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629709369917
Saharan, B. S., & Nehra, V. (2011). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: A critical review. Life Science and Medical Research, 21, 1-30.
Sahoo, U. K., Singh, S. L., Gogoi, A., Kenye, A., & Sahoo, S. S. (2019). Active and passive soil organic carbon pools as affected by different land use types in Mizoram, Northeast India. Plos One, 14(7), e0219969. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219969
Sainju, U. M., Caesar-TonThat, T., Lenssen, A. W., Evans, R. G., & Kolberg, R. (2007). Long-term tillage and cropping sequence effects on dryland residue and soil carbon fractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71(6), 1730-1739. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0433
Sanderman, J., Baisden, W. T., & Fallon, S. (2016). Redefining the inert organic carbon pool. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 92, 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.005
Sardi, K., & Csitari, G. (1998). Potassium fixation of different soil types and nutrient levels. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29(11-14), 1843-1850. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370074
Sarkar, I., Khan, M. Z., & Hanif, M. (2019). Soil organic fractions in cultivated and uncultivated soils of coastal area in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 8(3), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.4236/JACEN.2019.83011
Sarker, J. R., Singh, B. P., Cowie, A. L., Fang, Y., Collins, D., Dougherty, W. J., & Singh, B. K. (2018). Carbon and nutrient mineralization dynamics in aggregate-size classes from different tillage systems after input of canola and wheat residues. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 116, 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.09.030
Scherer, H. W., Welp, G., & Förster, S. (2012). Sulfur fractions in particle-size separates as influenced by long-term application of mineral and organic fertilizers. Plant, Soil and Environment, 58(5), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.17221/78/2012-PSE
Schimel, D. S., Braswell, B. H., Holland, E. A., McKeown, R., Ojima, D. S., Painter, T. H., Parton, W. J., & Townsend, A. R. (1994). Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8(3), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB00993
Schnürer, J., Clarholm, M., & Rosswall, T. (1985). Microbial biomass and activity in an agricultural soil with different organic matter contents. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 17(5), 611-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90036-7
Scott, A. D., & Smith, S. J. (1987). Sources, amount, and forms of alkali elements in the soil. Advances in Soil Science, 6, 101-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4682-4_3
Shah, T. I., Rai, A. P., & Aziz, M. A. (2019). Relationship of phosphorus fractions with soil properties in mothbean growing acid soils of North Western Indian Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(9), 1192-1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1604730
Sharma, P., Laor, Y., Raviv, M., Medina, S., Saadi, I., Krasnovsky, A., Vager, M., Levy, G. J., Bar-Tal, A., & Borisover, M. (2017). Green manure as part of organic management cycle: Effects on changes in organic matter characteristics across the soil profile. Geoderma, 305, 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.06.003
Sharma, S., Chander, G., & Verma, T. S. (2001). Nitrogen dynamics under long term Lantana camara (L.) residue and fertilizer application in a rice-wheat cropping system. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(11), 1804-1816. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.890221
Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Bolan, S., de Figueiredo, C., Fachini, J., Chang, S. X., Palansooriya, K. N., Zhou, P., Hou, D., Kaya, C., Siddique, K. H. M., & Bolan, N. (2025). Biochar as a potential nutrient carrier for agricultural applications. Current Pollution Reports, 11, 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00349-7
Sharma, U., Subehia, S. K., Rana, S. S., Sharma, S. K., & Negi, S. C. (2014). Soil sulfur fractions and their relationship with soil properties and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield under long-term integrated nutrient management in an acid Alfisol. Research on Crops, 15(4), 738-745. https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2014.01406.5
Shen, J., Yuan, L., Zhang, J., Li, H., Bai, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, W., & Zhang, F. (2011). Phosphorus dynamics: From soil to plant. Plant Physiology, 156(3), 997-1005. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.175232
Shokati, B., & Ahangar, A. G. (2014). Effect of conservation tillage on soil fertility factors: A review. International Journal of Biosciences, 4(11), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/4.11.144-156
Shrivastava, M., Srivastava, P. C., & D'Souza, S. F. (2018). Phosphate-solubilizing microbes: Diversity and phosphates solubilization mechanism. In V. S. Meena (Ed.), Role of Rhizospheric Microbes in Soil (Vol. 2, pp. 137-165). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0044-8_5
Shuman, L. M. (1985). Fractionation method for soil micronutrients. Soil Science, 140(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198507000-00003
Simard, D. G., Fyles, J. W., Paré, D., & Nguyen, T. (2001). Impacts of clearcut harvesting and wildfire on soil nutrient status in the Quebec boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 81(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.4141/S00-028
Singh, M., Tripathi, A. K., & Reddy, D. D. (2002). Potassium balance and release kinetics of non-exchangeable K in a Typic Haplustert as influenced by cattle manure application under a soybean-wheat system. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 40(3), 533-541.
Six, J., & Paustian, K. (2014). Aggregate-associated soil organic matter as an ecosystem property and a measurement tool. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 68, 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014
Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., & Paustian, K. (2002). Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 241, 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016125726789
Smith, R. V., Doyle, R. M., Burns, L. C., & Stevens, R. J. (1997). A model for nitrite accumulation in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29(8), 1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00028-X
Song, K., Xue, Y., Zheng, X., Lv, W., Qiao, H., Qin, Q., & Yang, J. (2017). Effects of the continuous use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in calcareous soil. Scientific Reports, 7, 1164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01232-2
Sosulski, T., Szara, E., Szymańska, M., & Stępień, W. (2017). N₂O emission and N and C leaching from the soil in relation to long-term and current mineral and organic fertilization. Plant, Soil and Environment, 63(3), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.17221/205/2016-PSE
Sparks, D. L. (1980). Chemistry of soil potassium in Atlantic Coastal Plain soils: A review. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 11(5), 435-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628009367051
Sparks, D. L. (2003). Environmental Soil Chemistry. (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-656446-4.X5000-2
Sparling, G. P., & Searle, P. L. (1993). Dimethyl sulphoxide reduction as a sensitive indicator of microbial activity in soil: The relationship with microbial biomass and mineralization of nitrogen and sulphur. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25(2), 251-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90035-A
Sparling, G., & Schipper, L. (2004). Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand: Trends and issues arising from a broad-scale survey. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.014
Spohn, M., & Giani, L. (2010). Water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein, and carbohydrates in a chronosequence of sandy hydromorphic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(9), 1505-1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.015
Stewart, J. W. B., & Tiessen, H. (1987). Dynamics of soil organic phosphorus. Biogeochemistry, 4(1), 41-60.
Sun, L., Hu, T., Kim, J. H., Guo, F., Song, H., Lv, X., & Hu, H. (2014). The effect of fire disturbance on short-term soil respiration in typical forest of Greater Xing'an Range, China. Journal of Forestry Research, 25, 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0499-1
Sun, X., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Ma, Q., Guan, Q., & Jones, D. L. (2021). Response of nitrogen fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soil to organic mulching in an urban forest plantation. Journal of Forestry Research, 32, 2577-2588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01310-2
Tabatabai, M. A., & Bremner, J. M. (1970). An alkaline oxidation method for determination of total sulfur in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 34(1), 62-65. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1970.03615995003400010019x
Tan, Z., Lal, R., Owens, L., & Izaurralde, R. C. (2007). Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice. Soil and Tillage Research, 92(1-2), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.01.003
Tao, K., Kelly, S., & Radutoiu, S. (2019). Microbial associations enabling nitrogen acquisition in plants. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 49, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.005
Tiemann, L. K., Grandy, A. S., Atkinson, E. E., Marin-Spiotta, E., & McDaniel, M. D. (2015). Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem. Ecology Letters, 18(8), 761-771. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12453
Toor, M. D., Adnan, M., ur Rehman, F., Tahir, R., Saeed, M. S., Khan, A. U., & Pareek, V. (2021). Nutrients and their importance in agriculture crop production: A review. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8527
Topa, D., Cara, I. G., & Jităreanu, G. (2021). Long-term impact of different tillage systems on carbon pools and stocks, soil bulk density, aggregation, and nutrients: A field meta-analysis. Catena, 199, 105102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.105102
Uribe, E., & Cox, F. R. (1988). Soil properties affecting the availability of potassium in highly weathered soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52(1), 148-152. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200010026x
Uroz, S., Calvaruso, C., Turpault, M.-P., & Frey-Klett, P. (2009). Mineral weathering by bacteria: Ecology, actors, and mechanisms. Trends in Microbiology, 17(8), 378-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2009.05.004
Vats, M. R., Sehgal, D. K., & Mehta, D. K. (2001). Integrated effect of organic and inorganic manuring on yield sustainability in long-term fertilizer experiments. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(1), 19-24.
Vaverková, M., & Adamcová, D. (2014). Can vegetation indicate a municipal solid waste landfill's impact on the environment? Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(2), 501-509.
Vidyalakshmi, R., Paranthaman, R., & Bhakyaraj, R. (2009). Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and pulse nutrition: A review. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(3), 270-278.
Vitousek, P. M., Porder, S., Houlton, B. Z., & Chadwick, O. A. (2010). Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: Mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions. Ecological Applications, 20(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0127.1
Walkley, A. (1947). A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63(4), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194704000-00001
Wander, M. M. (2004). Soil organic matter fractions and their relevance to soil function. In F. R. Magdoff & R. R. Weil (Eds.), Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 67-102) Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203496374.ch3
Wang, H., Wu, J., Li, G., & Yan, L. (2020). Changes in soil carbon fractions and enzyme activities under different vegetation types of the northern Loess Plateau. Ecology and Evolution, 10(21), 12211-12223. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6852
Wang, J., Dai, W., Fang, K., Gao, H., Sha, Z., & Cao, L. (2022). Nutrient characterization in soil aggregate fractions with different fertilizer treatments in greenhouse vegetable cultivation. Agriculture, 12(4), 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040440
Wang, L., & D'Odorico, P. (2013). Decomposition and mineralization. In B. Fath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Ecology (pp. 280-285). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.00688-6
Wang, S., Roland, B., Adhikari, K., Zhuang, Q., Jin, X., Han, C., & Qian, F. (2023). Spatial-temporal variations and driving factors of soil organic carbon in forest ecosystems of Northeast China. Forest Ecosystems, 10, 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100101
Wei, X., Qin, D., Yin, Z., Wang, G., Li, L., Feng, L., & Xu, Q. (2025). Evaluating the impact of green manure incorporation on cotton yield, soil fertility, and net eco-economic benefits. Agronomy, 15(3), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030559
Weil, R.R., & Brady, N.C. (2017). The Nature and Properties of Soils. (15th ed.). Harlow: Pearson.
Williams, C. H., Williams, E. G., & Scott, N. M. (1960). Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus in some Scottish soils. Journal of Soil Science, 11(2), 334-346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1960.tb01089.x
Williams, J. D. H., Jaquet, J. M., & Thomas, R. L. (1976). Forms of phosphorus in surficial sediments of Lake Erie. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-063
Wong, V. N. L., Greene, R. S. B., Dalal, R. C., & Murphy, B. W. (2010). Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: A review. Soil Use and Management, 26(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00251.x
Wu, H., Liu, E., Jin, T., Liu, B., Gopalakrishnan, S., Zhou, J., Shao, G., Mei, X., Delaplace, P., De Clerck, C. (2025). Crop rotation increases Tibetan barley yield and soil quality on the Tibetan Plateau. Nature Food, 6, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-01094-8
Xie, J., Hou, M., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, X., & Sun, B. (2017). Carbon sequestration and mineralization of aggregate-associated carbon in an intensively cultivated Anthrosol in north China as affected by long-term fertilization. Geoderma, 296, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.02.023
Yang, H., Xie, Y., Zhu, T., & Zhou, M. (2021). Reduced organic carbon content during the evolvement of calcareous soils in karst region. Forests, 12(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020221
Yang, Y., Guo, J., Chen, G., Yin, Y., Gao, R., & Lin, C. (2009). Effects of forest conversion on soil labile organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in subtropical China. Plant and Soil, 323, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9921-4
Yang, Z., Singh, B. R., & Hansen, S. (2007). Aggregate-associated carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and their ratios in long-term fertilized soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 95(1-2), 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.12.003
Yao, Y. F., Ge, N., Yu, S., Wei, X., Wang, X., Jin, J., Liu, X., Shao, M., Wei, Y., & Kang, L. (2019). Response of aggregate-associated organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to re-vegetation in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China. Geoderma, 341, 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.036
Zamuner, E. C., Picone, L. I., & Echeverria, H. E. (2008). Organic and inorganic phosphorus in Mollisol soil under different tillage practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 99(2), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.12.006
Zeng, Q., & Brown, P. H. (2000). Soil potassium mobility and uptake by corn under differential soil moisture regimes. Plant and Soil, 221, 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004738414847
Zeng, X., Liu, X., Tang, J., Hu, S., Jiang, P., Li, W., & Xu, L. (2012). Characterization and potassium-solubilizing ability of Bacillus circulans Z1-3. Advanced Science Letters, 10(1), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.3726
Zhang, X., Guo, J., Vogt, R. D., Mulder, J., Wang, Y., Qian, C., Wang, J., & Zhang, X. (2020). Soil acidification as an additional driver to organic carbon accumulation in major Chinese croplands. Geoderma, 366, 114234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114234
Zhang, X., Xin, X., Zhu, A., Zhang, J., & Yang, W. (2017). Effects of tillage and residue management on organic C accumulation and soil aggregation in a sandy loam soil of the North China Plain. Catena, 156, 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CATENA.2017.04.012
Zhao, F. J., Loke, S. Y., Crosland, A. R., & McGrath, S. P. (1996). Method to determine elemental sulphur in soils applied to measure sulphur oxidation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28(8), 1083-1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(96)00073-9
Zhao, X., Yuan, G., Wang, H., Lu, D., Chen, X., & Zhou, J. (2019). Effects of full straw incorporation on soil fertility and crop yield in rice-wheat rotation for silty clay loamy cropland. Agronomy, 9(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030133
Zheng, H., Liu, W., Zheng, J., Luo, Y., Li, R., Wang, H., & Qi, H. (2018). Effect of long-term tillage on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated carbon in black soil of Northeast China. Plos One, 13(6), e0199523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199523
Zhong, Z., Wu, S., Lu, X., Ren, Z., Wu, X., Xu, M., Ren, C., Yang, G., & Han, X. (2021). Organic carbon, nitrogen accumulation, and soil aggregate dynamics as affected by vegetation restoration patterns in the Loess Plateau of China. Catena, 196, 104867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104867
Zhou, M., Liu, C., Wang, J., Meng, X., Yuan, Y., Ma, X., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Ding, G., Zhang, J., Zeng, X., & Du, W. (2020). Soil aggregate stability and storage of soil organic carbon respond to cropping systems on Black Soils of Northeast China. Scientific Reports, 10, 265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57193-1
Zhu, B., Wang, T., You, X., & Gao, M.-R. (2008). Nutrient release from weathering of purplish rocks in the Sichuan Basin, China. Pedosphere, 18(2), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60015-6
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Nusrat Jahan Mim, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Jannatul Ferdous, Krishna Rani Sarker, Md. Anwarul Abedin, Md. Anamul Hoque, Mohammad Pessarakli, Mohammad Anwar Hossain
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
.