Unlocking the potential of conservation agriculture for soil carbon sequestration influenced by soil texture and climate: A worldwide systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jaa.2023.v9.8484Keywords:
No-tillage, Soil organic carbon, Cover crops, Crop rotation, Climate mitigationAbstract
Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems have gained significant attention as a sustainable cropping approach that not only improves crop yields but also contributes to climate change adaptation and mitigation through enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. However, a comprehensive understanding of the influence of soil texture and climate conditions on SOC sequestration under CA remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA method, analyzing data from 35 peer-reviewed articles encompassing 71 field experiments and 451 observations worldwide. Our findings demonstrate the substantial positive impact of CA on SOC sequestration, with an overall increase of approximately 78%. Remarkably, only a mere 2% of observations reported neutral effects, while 20% indicated adverse outcomes. Notably, SOC sequestration rates were highest in tropical regions experiencing dry winters, reaching an impressive 2.50 Mg/ha/year in the topsoil layers. Moreover, fine and moderate textured soils, such as clay, clay loam, loam, and clay sandy, exhibited higher SOC sequestration rates (20-27%) compared to coarse-textured soils dominated by sandy proportions (9%). These findings emphasize the significance of climate conditions and soil texture in shaping the impact of CA on SOC sequestration.
Downloads
References
Autret, B., Mary, B., Chenu, C., Balabane, M., Girardin, C., Bertrand, M., Grandeau, G., & Beaudoin, N. (2016). Alternative arable cropping systems: A key to increase soil organic carbon storage? Results from a 16 year field experiment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 232, 150-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008
Bai, X., Huang, Y., Ren, W., Coyne, M., Jacinthe, P., Tao, B., Hui, D., Yang, J., & Matocha, C. (2019). Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology, 25(8), 2591-2606. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14658
Balesdent, J., Chenu, C., & Balabane, M. (2000). Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, 53(3-4), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00107-5
Blanco-Canqui, H., & Ruis, S. J. (2018). No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma, 326, 164-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.011
Branca, G., Lipper, L., McCarthy, N., & Jolejole, M. C. (2013). Food security, climate change, and sustainable land management. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0133-1
Bronick, C. J., & Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma, 124(1-2), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Chan, K. Y., Conyers, M. K., Li, G., Helyar, K. R., Poile, G., Oates, A., & Barchia, I. M. (2011). Soil carbon dynamics under different cropping and pasture management in temperate Australia: Results of three long-term experiments. Soil Research, 49(4), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10185
Cheesman, S., Thierfelder, C., Eash, N. S., Kassie, G. T., & Frossard, E. (2016). Soil carbon stocks in conservation agriculture systems of Southern Africa. Soil and Tillage Research, 156, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.018
Chen, H., Dai, Z., Veach, A. M., Zheng, J., Xu, J., & Schadt, C. W. (2020). Global meta-analyses show that conservation tillage practices promote soil fungal and bacterial biomass. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 293, 106841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106841
Cookson, W. R., Murphy, D. V., & Roper, M. M. (2008). Characterizing the relationships between soil organic matter components and microbial function and composition along a tillage disturbance gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(3), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.10.011
Corbeels, M., Cardinael, R., Naudin, K., Guibert, H., & Torquebiau, E. (2019). The 4 per 1000 goal and soil carbon storage under agroforestry and conservation agriculture systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Soil and Tillage Research, 188, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.02.015
Corbeels, M., Marchão, R. L., Neto, M. S., Ferreira, E. G., Madari, B. E., Scopel, E., & Brito, O. R. (2016). Evidence of limited carbon sequestration in soils under no-tillage systems in the Cerrado of Brazil. Scientific Reports, 6, 21450. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21450
Dı́az-Zorita, M., Duarte, G. A., & Grove, J. H. (2002). A review of no-till systems and soil management for sustainable crop production in the subhumid and semiarid Pampas of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 65(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00274-4
Diffenbaugh, N. S., Davenport, F. V., & Burke, M. (2021). Historical warming has increased U.S. crop insurance losses. Environmental Research Letters, 16, 084025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1223
Dimassi, B., Mary, B., Wylleman, R., Labreuche, J., Couture, D., Piraux, F., & Cohan, J.-P. (2014). Long-term effect of contrasted tillage and crop management on soil carbon dynamics during 41 years. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 188, 134-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014
Drenovsky, R. E., Vo, D., Graham, K. J., & Scow, K. M. (2004). Soil water content and organic carbon availability are major determinants of soil microbial community composition. Microbial Ecology, 48(3), 424-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1063-2
Ernst, O., & Siri-Prieto, G. (2009). Impact of perennial pasture and tillage systems on carbon input and soil quality indicators. Soil and Tillage Research, 105(2), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.08.001
Fellmann, T., Witzke, P., Weiss, F., Van Doorslaer, B., Drabik, D., Huck, I., Salputra, G., Jansson, T., & Leip, A. (2018). Major challenges of integrating agriculture into climate change mitigation policy frameworks. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 23, 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9743-2
Franzluebbers, A. J. (2021). Soil organic carbon sequestration calculated from depth distribution. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 85(1), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20176
Gong, Y., Li, P., Sakagami, N., & Komatsuzaki, M. (2021). No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field. Soil and Tillage Research, 205, 104747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104747
González-Sánchez, E. J., Ordóñez-Fernández, R., Carbonell-Bojollo, R., Veroz-González, O., & Gil-Ribes, J. A. (2012). Meta-analysis on atmospheric carbon capture in Spain through the use of conservation agriculture. Soil Tillage Research, 122, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.03.001
Howden, S. M., Soussana, J.-F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M., & Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19691-19696. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701890104
Huang, M., Liang, T., Wang, L., & Zhou, C. (2015). Effects of no-tillage systems on soil physical properties and carbon sequestration under long-term wheat–maize double cropping system. CATENA, 128, 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.010
Huang, Y., Ren, W., Grove, J., Poffenbarger, H., Jacobsen, K., Tao, B., Zhu, X., & McNear, D. (2020). Assessing synergistic effects of no-tillage and cover crops on soil carbon dynamics in a long-term maize cropping system under climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 291, 108090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108090
IPCC. (2022). Summary for policymakers. In H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller & A. Okem (Eds.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 3-33) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.001
Jemai, I., Ben Aissa, N., Ben Guirat, S., Ben-Hammouda, M., & Gallali, T. (2012). On-farm assessment of tillage impact on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and structural soil properties in a semiarid region in Tunisia. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 488-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.029
Jiang, Q., Madramootoo, C. A., & Qi, Z. (2022). Soil carbon and nitrous oxide dynamics in corn (Zea mays L.) production under different nitrogen, tillage and residue management practices. Field Crops Research, 277, 108421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108421
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., & Pretty, J. (2009). The spread of Conservation Agriculture: Justification, sustainability and uptake. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 7(4), 292-320. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0477
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., Bartz, H., Mello, I., Kienzle, J., & Pretty, J. (2014). The spread of Conservation Agriculture: Policy and institutional support for adoption and uptake. Field Actions Science Reports, 7.
Koga, N. (2017). Tillage, fertilizer type, and plant residue input impacts on soil carbon sequestration rates on a Japanese Andosol. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 63(4), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1355725
Kumara, T. M. K., Pal, S., Chand, P., & Kandpal, A. (2023). Carbon sequestration potential of sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate climate change in Indian agriculture: A meta-analysis. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35, 697-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.015
Lal, R. (2003). Global Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 22(2), 151-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610854
Lal, R. (2008). Carbon Sequestration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1492), 815-830. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2185
Lal, R. (2016). Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the “4 per Thousand” initiative. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 71(1), 20A-25A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.1.20A
Lal, R. (2020). Food security impacts of the “4 per Thousand” initiative. Geoderma, 374, 114427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114427
Le, K. N., Jha, M. K., Reyes, M. R., Jeong, J., Doro, L., Gassman, P. W., Hok, L., Sá, J. C. de M., & Boulakia, S. (2018). Evaluating carbon sequestration for conservation agriculture and tillage systems in Cambodia using the EPIC model. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 251, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.009
Lembaid, I., Moussadek, R., Mrabet, R., Douaik, A., & Bouhaouss, A. (2021). Modeling the effects of farming management practices on soil organic carbon stock under two tillage practices in a semi-arid region, Morocco. Heliyon, 7(1), e05889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05889
Lenka, S., Lenka, N. K., Sejian, V., & Mohanty, M. (2015). Contribution of Agriculture Sector to Climate Change. In V. Sejian, J. Gaughan, L. Baumgard & C. Prasad (Eds.), Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation (pp. 37-48) New Delhi, India: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1_3
Liu, E., Teclemariam, S. G., Yan, C., Yu, J., Gu, R., Liu, S., He, W., & Liu, Q. (2014). Long-term effects of no-tillage management practice on soil organic carbon and its fractions in the northern China. Geoderma, 213, 379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.021
Luo, Z., Wang, E., & Sun, O. J. (2010). Can no-tillage stimulate carbon sequestration in agricultural soils? A meta-analysis of paired experiments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 139(1-2), 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.006
Maillard, É., McConkey, B. G., St. Luce, M., Angers, D. A., & Fan, J. (2018). Crop rotation, tillage system, and precipitation regime effects on soil carbon stocks over 1 to 30 years in Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 177, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.001
Mazzoncini, M., Antichi, D., Di Bene, C., Risaliti, R., Petri, M., & Bonari, E. (2016). Soil carbon and nitrogen changes after 28 years of no-tillage management under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 77, 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.02.011
Mondal, S., Mishra, J. S., Poonia, S. P., Kumar, R., Dubey, R., Kumar, S., Verma, M., Rao, K. K., Ahmed, A., Dwivedi, S., Bhatt, B. P., Malik, R. K., Kumar, V., & McDonald, A. (2021). Can yield, soil C and aggregation be improved under long-term conservation agriculture in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plain of India? European Journal of Soil Science, 72(4), 1742-1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13092
Mrabet, R., Saber, N., El-Brahli, A., Lahlou, S., & Bessam, F. (2001). Total, particulate organic matter and structural stability of a Calcixeroll soil under different wheat rotations and tillage systems in a semiarid area of Morocco. Soil and Tillage Research, 57(4), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00180-X
Nair, R., Mehta, C., & Sharma, S. (2015). Carbon sequestration in soils-A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 36(2), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-0741.2015.00011.2
Nath, C., Das, T. K., Rana, K. S., Bhattacharyya, R., Pathak, H., Paul, S., Meena, M. C., & Singh, S. (2017). Greenhouse gases emission, soil organic carbon and wheat yield as affected by tillage systems and nitrogen management practices. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63(12), 1644-1660. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1300657
Page, K. L., Dang, Y. P., & Dalal, R. C. (2020). The Ability of Conservation Agriculture to Conserve Soil Organic Carbon and the Subsequent Impact on Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties and Yield. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00031
Palm, C., Blanco-Canqui, H., DeClerck, F., Gatere, L., & Grace, P. (2014). Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 187, 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010
Passaris, N., Flower, K. C., Ward, P. R., & Cordingley, N. (2021). Effect of crop rotation diversity and windrow burning of residue on soil chemical composition under long-term no-tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, 213, 105153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105153
Piccoli, I., Chiarini, F., Carletti, P., Furlan, L., Lazzaro, B., Nardi, S., Berti, A., Sartori, L., Dalconi, M. C., & Morari, F. (2016). Disentangling the effects of conservation agriculture practices on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon. Evidence of poor carbon sequestration in North- Eastern Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 230, 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.035
Pinheiro, É. F. M., de Campos, D. V. B., de Carvalho Balieiro, F., dos Anjos, L. H. C., & Pereira, M. G. (2015). Tillage systems effects on soil carbon stock and physical fractions of soil organic matter. Agricultural Systems, 132, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.08.008
Powlson, D. S., Stirling, C. M., Thierfelder, C., White, R. P., & Jat, M. L. (2016). Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 220, 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.005
Rahman, M. M., Aravindakshan, S., Hoque, M. A., Rahman, M. A., Gulandaz, Md. A., Rahman, J., & Islam, Md. T. (2021). Conservation tillage (CT) for climate-smart sustainable intensification: Assessing the impact of CT on soil organic carbon accumulation, greenhouse gas emission and water footprint of wheat cultivation in Bangladesh. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 10, 100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100106
Razafimbelo, T. M., Andriamananjara, A., Rafolisy, T., Razakamanarivo, H., Masse, D., Blanchart, E., Falinirina, M.-V., Bernard, L., Ravonjiarison, N., & Albrecht, A. (2018). Impact de l’agriculture climato-intelligente sur les stocks de carbone organique du sol à Madagascar. Cahiers Agricultures, 27(3), 35001. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018017
Rosinger, C., Keiblinger, K., Bieber, M., Bernardini, L. G., Huber, S., Mentler, A., Sae-Tun, O., Scharf, B., & Bodner, G. (2023). On-farm soil organic carbon sequestration potentials are dominated by site effects, not by management practices. Geoderma, 433, 116466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116466
Sanson, A. V., Van Hoorn, J., & Burke, S. E. L. (2019). Responding to the Impacts of the Climate Crisis on Children and Youth. Child Development Perspectives, 13(4), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12342
Singh, B. P., Setia, R., Wiesmeier, M., & Kunhikrishnan, A. (2018). Agricultural management practices and soil organic carbon storage. In B. K. Singh (Eds.), Soil Carbon Storage (pp. 207-244) Cambridge, UK: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812766-7.00007-X
Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., & Pau, K. (2002). Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil, 241, 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016125726789
Smith, P., & Olesen, J. E. (2010). Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 148(5), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000341
Sokolowski, A. C., McCormick, B. P., De Grazia, J., Wolski, J. E., Rodríguez, H. A., Rodríguez-Frers, E. P., Gagey, M. C., Debelis, S. P., Paladino, I. R., & Barrios, M. B. (2020). Tillage and no-tillage effects on physical and chemical properties of an Argiaquoll soil under long-term crop rotation in Buenos Aires, Argentina. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 8(2), 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.02.002
Sombrero, A., & de Benito, A. (2010). Carbon accumulation in soil. Ten-year study of conservation tillage and crop rotation in a semi-arid area of Castile-Leon, Spain. Soil and Tillage Research, 107(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.02.009
Spedding, T. A., Hamel, C., Mehuys, G. R., & Madramootoo, C. A. (2004). Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.10.026
Sun, W., Canadell, J. G., Yu, L., Yu, L., Zhang, W., Smith, P., Fischer, T., & Huang, Y. (2020). Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture. Global Change Biology, 26(6), 3325-3335. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15001
Thierfelder, C., Cheesman, S., & Rusinamhodzi, L. (2012). A comparative analysis of conservation agriculture systems: Benefits and challenges of rotations and intercropping in Zimbabwe. Field Crops Research, 137, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017
Thierfelder, C., Mwila, M., & Rusinamhodzi, L. (2013). Conservation agriculture in eastern and southern provinces of Zambia: Long-term effects on soil quality and maize productivity. Soil and Tillage Research, 126, 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.09.002
Valkama, E., Kunypiyaeva, G., Zhapayev, R., Karabayev, M., Zhusupbekov, E., Perego, A., Schillaci, C., Sacco, D., Moretti, B., Grignani, C., & Acutis, M. (2020). Can conservation agriculture increase soil carbon sequestration? A modelling approach. Geoderma, 369, 114298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114298
VandenBygaart, A. J., Bremer, E., McConkey, B. G., Janzen, H. H., Angers, D. A., Carter, M. R., Drury, C. F., Lafond, G. P., & McKenzie, R. H. (2010). Soil organic carbon stocks on long-term agroecosystem experiments in Canada. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 90(4), 543-550. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss10028
Veloso, M. G., Angers, D. A., Tiecher, T., Giacomini, S., Dieckow, J., & Bayer, C. (2018). High carbon storage in a previously degraded subtropical soil under no-tillage with legume cover crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 268, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.08.024
Verschuuren, J. (2016). The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Agriculture and Food Security. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 7(1), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00005389
Wang, Q., Li, Y., & Alva, A. (2010). Cropping Systems to Improve Carbon Sequestration for Mitigation of Climate Change. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(3), 3. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.13025
Wiesmeier, M., Urbanski, L., Hobley, E., Lang, B., von Lützow, M., Marin-Spiotta, E., van Wesemael, B., Rabot, E., Ließ, M., Garcia-Franco, N., Wollschläger, U., Vogel, H.-J., & Kögel-Knabner, I. (2019). Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils—A review of drivers and indicators at various scales. Geoderma, 333, 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.026
Wu, Z., Dijkstra, P., Koch, G. W., Peñuelas, J., & Hungate, B. A. (2011). Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation. Global Change Biology, 17(2), 927-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02302.x
Yadav, G. S., Das, A., Babu, S., Mohapatra, K. P., Lal, R., & Rajkhowa, D. (2021). Potential of conservation tillage and altered land configuration to improve soil properties, carbon sequestration and productivity of maize based cropping system in eastern Himalayas, India. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(2), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.12.003
Yang, X. M., Drury, C. F., Wander, M. M., & Kay, B. D. (2008). Evaluating the Effect of Tillage on Carbon Sequestration Using the Minimum Detectable Difference Concept1 1Project supported by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Pedosphere, 18(4), 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60033-8
Zhao, J., Liu, Z., Lai, H., Yang, D., & Li, X. (2022). Optimizing Residue and Tillage Management Practices to Improve Soil Carbon Sequestration in a Wheat–Peanut Rotation System. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114468
Zhou, M., Zhu, B., Wang, S., Zhu, X., Vereecken, H., & Brüggemann, N. (2017). Stimulation of N2O emission by manure application to agricultural soils may largely offset carbon benefits: a global meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 23(10), 4068-4083. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13648
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Meryem Ibnmrhar, Abelhak Bouabdli, Bouamar Baghdad, Rachid Moussadek
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
.