Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/jp.2024.v16.8762Keywords:
Phytochemical, Plant extract, UV-VIS, GC-MS, Pharmaceutical, Secondary metabolites, AASAbstract
Pseudolachnostylis maproneifolia is a popular medicinal plant, particularly revered in the eastern province of Zambia, especially within Petauke District. Despite its widespread application in traditional medicine, the chemical composition of this plant has not been studied so far. Consequently, there was a pressing need to investigate the medicinal potential of its leaf extract. This study was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract. The phytochemical profile revealed various secondary metabolites endowed with antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidative properties. To quantify its medicinal potential, the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The methanolic extract exhibited a TFC of 157.20 mg QE/g and a TPC of 63.75 mg GAE/g, with an IC50 value of 45.57 μg/mL, signifying a strong antioxidant capability. Notably, the IC50 value of the standard (ascorbic acid) was 23.19 μg/mL. Further analysis involved quantifying the mineral elements crucial for treating anemia, such as iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. AAS based analysis revealed concentrations of these elements to be relatively higher, indicating their suitability for treating anemia. Complementing these findings, in silico molecular analysis and ADMET analysis of five selected phytochemicals, along with a reference cancer drug, yielded promising results such as a highest binding energy of -9.01 Kcal/mol, high gastrointestinal absorption and the lowest inhibition constant of 249.88 nM. These outcomes strongly advocate for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies on these molecules, supporting their importance as potential drug candidates for cancer drug development.
Downloads
References
Ansari, T. M., Ikram, N., Najam-ul-Haq, M., Fayyaz, I. Fayyaz, Q., Ghafoor, I., & Khalid, N. (2004). Essential Trace Metal (Zinc, Manganese, Copper and Iron) Levels in Plants of Medicinal Importance. Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.95.99
Bitwell, C., Indra, S. S., Luke, C., & Kakoma, M. K. (2023). A Review of Modern and Conventional Extraction Techniques and their Applications for Extracting Phytochemicals from Plants. Scientific African, 19, e01585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01585
Boline, D. R., & Schrenk W. G. (1977). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy of Copper and Iron in Plant Material. Journal of Association of Oficial Analytical Chemists, 60(5), 1170-1174. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/60.5.1170
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Chaddha, S., & Mittal, A. (2016). Role of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Hemolytic Anemia-a Review. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3(5), 212-216.
Cragg, G. M., & Newman, D. J. (2005). Biodiversity: A Continuing Source of Novel Drug Leads. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 77(1), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200577010007
Dada, A. O., Adekola, F. A., Dada, F. E., Adelani-Akande, A. T., Bello, M. O., Okonkwo, C. R., Inyinbor, A. A., Oluyori, A. P., Olayanju, A., Ajanaku, K. O., & Adetunji, C. O. (2019). Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Acalypha Wilkesiana Extract: Phytochemical Screening, Characterization, Influence of Operational Parameters, and Preliminary Antibacterial Testing. Heliyon, 5(10), e02517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02517
Diana, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A Free Web Tool to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Drug likeness and Medicinal Chemistry Friendliness of Small Molecules. Scientific Reports, 7, 42717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
Evison, B. J., Sleebs, B. E., Watson, K. G., Phillips, D. R., & Cutts, S. M. (2016). Mitoxantrone, more than Just Another Topoisomerase II Poison. Medicinal Research Reviews, 36(2), 248-299. https:/doi.org/10.1002/med.21364
Frecentese, F., Sosic, A., Saccone, I., Gamba, E., Link, K., Miola, A., Cappellini, M., Cattelan, M. G., Severino, B., Fiorini, F., Mali, E., Corvino, A., Perissutti, E., Fabris, D., Gatto, B., Caliendo, G., & Santagada, V. (2016). Synthesis and in Vitro Screening of New Series of 2,6-Dipeptidylanthraquinones: Influence of Side Chain Length on HIV 1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 59(5), 1914-1924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01494
Fukushima, T., Horike, H., Fujiki, S., Kitada, S., Sasaki, T., & Kashihara, N. (2009). Zinc Deficiency Anemia and Effects of Zinc Therapy in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 13(3), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00656.x
Guan, L., Yang, H., Cai, Y., Sun, L., Di, P., Li, W., Liu, G., & Tang, Y. (2019). ADMET-score - a comprehensive scoring function for evaluation of chemical drug-likeness. Medical Chemistry Communications, 10(1), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8md00472b
Gulcin, I. (2020). Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview. Archives of Toxicology, 94, 651-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1999). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University press.
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. (1st ed.). London, UK: Chapman and Hall Ltd.
Holley, A. K., Bakthavatchalu, V., Velez-Roman, J. M., & Clair, D. K. S. (2011). Manganese Superoxide Dismutase: Guardian of the Powerhouse. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(10), 7114-7162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12107114
Hopkins, A. L., Groom, C. R., & Alex, A. (2004). Ligand efficiency: a useful metric for lead selection. Drug Discovery Today, 9(10), 430-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03069-7
Ismail, M., Ali, S., Ali, I., Shaheen, R., & Murtaza, G. (2017). Qualitative Analysis for Phytochemicals of Selected Medicinal Plants from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 29(9), 1929-1932. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20583
Jiao, Q., Bi, L., Ren, Y., Song, S., Wang, Q., & Wang, Y.-S. (2018). Advances in Studies of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and their Acquired Resistance. Molecular Cancer, 17, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-018-0801-5
Kähkönen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Vuorela, H. J., Rauha, J.-P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T. S., & Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 47(10), 3954-3962. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990146l
Kasilo, O. M., & Trapsida, J.-M. (2010). Regulation of traditional medicine in the WHO African region. African Health Monitor, 14, 25-31.
Kikuzaki, H., Hisamoto, M., Hirose, K., Akiyama, K., & Taniguchi, H. (2002). Antioxidant Properties of Ferulic Acid and Its Related Compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(7), 2161-2168. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011348w
Kim, S.-K., & Karadeniz, F. (2012). Biological Importance and Applications of Squalene and Squalane. Advances in Food Nutrition Research, 65, 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00014-7
Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hecker, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E., & Etherton, T. D. (2002). Bioactive Compounds in Foods: their Role in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. American Journal of Medicine, 113(9), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0
Laskowski, R. A., Macarthur, M. W., Moss, D. S., & Thornton, J. M. (1993). PROCHECK: a program to Check the Stereochemical Quality of Protein Structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 26, 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889892009944
Layokun, S. K., Obawole, A. B., Fatile, I. A., & Solomon, B. O. (2006). Investigation of Cashew Apple Juice as a Substrate for Single Cell Protein Production. Journal of Food Science, 51(1), 237-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb10882.x
Lenci, E., Calugi, L., & Andrea, Trabocchi, A. (2021). Occurrence of Morpholine in Central Nervous System Drug Discovery. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 12(3), 378-390. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00729
Lu, Y., Hernandez, P., Abegunde, D., & Edejer, T. (2011). The World Medicines Situation 2011. Medicine Expenditures World Health Organization, Geneva.
Maqsood, S., Singh, P., Samoon, M. H., & Balange, A. K. (2010). Effect of dietary chitosan on non-specific immune response and growth of Cyprinuscarpio challenged with Aeromonashydrophila. International Aquatic Research, 2, 77-85.
Marella, A., Tanwar, O. M., Saha, R., Ali, M. R., Srivastava, S., Akhter, M., Shaquiquzzaman, M., & Alam, M. M. (2013). Quinoline : A Versatile Heterocyclic. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 21(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.03.002
María, R., Shirley, M., Xavier, C., Jaime, S., David, V., Rosa, S., & Jodie, D. (2017). Preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of thirteen native species from Guayas province Ecuador. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 30(4), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.03.009
Mogilevski, T., Smith, R., Johnson, D., Charles, P. G. P., Churilvo, L., Vaughan, R., Ma, R., & Testro, A. (2016). Endoscopic Investigation in Non-iron Deficiency Anemia: a cost to the Health System without Patient Benefit. Endoscopy International Open, 4(2), E198-E201. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-109768
Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Scanner, M. F., Belew, R. K., Goodsell, D. S., & Olson, A. J. (2009). AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated Docking with Selective Receptor Flexibility. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 30(16), 2785-2791. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21256
Nunes, X. P., Silva, F. S., Almeida, J. R. G. da S., de Lima, J. T., de Araújo Ribeiro, L. A., Júnior, L. J. Q., & Filho, J. M. B. (2012). Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products. In A. V. Rao (Eds.), Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health (pp. 1-22) London, UK: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/26956
Parekh, S., Bhavsar, D., Savant, M., Thakrar, S., Bavishi, A., Parmar, M., Vala, H., Radadiya, A., Pandya, N., Serly, J., Molnár, J., & Shah, A. (2011). Synthesis of some Novel Benzofuran-2-yl (4,5-dihyro-3,5-substituted diphenylpyrazol-1-yl) Methanones and Studies on the Antiproliferative Effects and Reversal of Multidrug Resistance of Human MDR1-gene Transfected Mouse Lymphoma Cells in Vitro. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 46(5), 1942-1948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.045
Patle, T. K., Shrivas, K., Kurrey, R., Upadhyay, S., Jangde, R., & Chauhan, R. (2020). Phytochemical Screening and Determination of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Dillenia Pentagyna using UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 242, 118717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118717
Paul, V., Ramesh, K. V., & Pandey, R. (2017, January 16-25). Analysis of Mineral Nutrients: Sampling Techniques and Methods of Digestion for Plant Samples. Physiological Techniques to Analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Crop Plants (pp. 77-81). IARI. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23335.44967
Petrovska, B. B. (2012). Historical Review of Medicinal Plants’ usage. Pharmacognosy Review, 6(11), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849
Rostom, A., Dubé, C., Lewin, G., Tsertsvadze, A., Barrowman, N., Code, C., Sampson, M., & Moher, D. (2007). Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors for Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review Prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 376-389. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00010
Saeed, N., Khan, M. R., & Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant Activity, total Phenolic and total Flavonoid Contents of whole Plant Extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
Sayuti, K., & Yenrina, I. R. (2015). Antioksidanalami Dan Sintetik. Padang, Indonesia: Andalas University Press.
Singh, Y. P., Rai, H., Singh, G., Singh, G. K., Mishra, S., Kumar, S., Srikrishna, S., & Modi, G. (2021). A Review on Ferulic acid and Analog based Scaffolds for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 215, 113278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113278
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total Phenols and other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Swamy, M. K., & Sinniah, U. R. (2015). A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An Aromatic Medicinal Plant of Industrial Importance. Molecules, 20(5), 8521-8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058521
Tao, L., Zhang, P., Qin, C., Chen, S. Y., Zhang, C., Chen , Z., Zhu, F., Yang, S. Y., Wei, Y. Q., & Chen, Y. Z. (2015). Recent progresses in the exploration of machine learning methods as in-silico ADME prediction tools. Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 86, 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.014
Tian, S., Wang, J., Li, Y., Li, D., Xu, L., & Hou, T. (2015). The application of in silico drug-likeness predictions in pharmaceutical research. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 86, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.009
Tim, S., & Madhu, R. S. (2013). Cleanroom Management in Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare. (2nd ed.). Hampshire, England: Euromed Communications Ltd.
Tsou, H.-R., Overbeek-Klumpers, E. G., Hallett, W. A., Reich, M. F., Floyd, M. B., Johnson, B. D., Michalak, R. S., Nilakantan, R., Discafani, C., Golas, J., Rabindran, S. K., Shen, R., Shi, X., Wang, Y.-F., Upeslacis, J., & Wissner, A. (2005). Optimization of 6,7-Disubstituted-4-(arylamino) quinoline-3-carbonitriles as Orally Active, Irreversible Inhibitors of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 Kinase Activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48(4), 1107-1131. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm040159c
Wagner, J., von Matt, P., Sedrani, R., Albert, R., Cooke, N., Ehrhardt, C., Geiser, M., Rummel, G., Stark, W., Strauss, A., Cowan-Jacob, S. W., Beerli, C., Weckbecker, G., Evenou, J.-P., Zenke, G., & Cottons, S. (2009). Discovery of 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) quinazolin-4-yl]pyrrole-2,5-dione (AEB071), a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Protein Kinase C Isotypes. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 52(20), 6193-6196. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm901108b
Wang, N.-N., Dong, J., Deng , Y.-H., Zhu , M.-F., Wen , M., Yao, Z.-J., Lu, A.-P., Wang, J.-B., & Cao, D.-S. (2016). ADME Properties Evaluation in Drug Discovery: Prediction of Caco-2 Cell Permeability Using a Combination of NSGA-II and Boosting. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 56(4), 763-773. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00642
Wang, N.-N., Huang, C., Dong, J., Yao, Z.-J., Zhu, M.-F., Deng, Z.-K., Lv, B., Lu, A.-P., Chen, A. F., & Cao, D.-S. (2017). Predicting human intestinal absorption with modified random forest approach: a comprehensive evaluation of molecular representation, unbalanced data, and applicability domain issues. RSC Advances, 7(31), 19007-19018. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28442f
Widjajakusuma, E. C., Jonosewojo, A., Hendriati, L., Wijaya, S., Ferawati, Surjadhana, A., Sastrowardoyo, W., Monita, N., Muna, N. M., Fajarwati, R. P., Ervina, M., Esar, S. Y., Soegianto, L., Lang, T., & Heriyanti, C. (2018). Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Phytomedicine, 55, 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.002
Xiao, J., Capanoglu, E., Jassbi, A. R., & Miron, A. (2016). Advance on the Flavonoid C-glycosides and Health Benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56(S1), S29-S45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1067595
Zeb, A. (2020). Concept, Mechanism, and Applications of Phenolic Antioxidants in Foods. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(9), e13394. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13394
Zhang, H.-Z., Zhao, Z.-L., & Zhou, C.-H. (2018). Recent advance in oxazole-based medicinal chemistry. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 144, 444-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.044
Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Zhu, X., Kim, J. L., Newcomb, J. R., Rose, P. E., Stover, D. R., Toledo, L. M., Zhao, H., & Morgenstern, K. A. (1999). Structural analysis of the lymphocyte-specific kinase Lck in complex with non-selective and Src family selective kinase inhibitors. Structure, 7(6), 651-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80086-0
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Indra Sen Singh, Derrick Sitali Kwalyambumu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.