ORGANIC FERTILIZATION AND NATURAL SUBSTANCES TREATMENTS AFFECTS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GUAR PLANTS

This experiment was conducted at the Floriculture Nursery, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University during the two successive seasons to study the effect of compost at rates (0, 25, 2.50 and 3.75 ton/fed.) and natural substances i.e. vitamins (ascorbic acid at 50 and 100 ppm, α-tocopherol at 10, 20 ppm and thiamine, at 25 and 50 ppm) and active yeast at 2.5 and 5 g/l. and their interaction on some chemical constituents of guar plants. The results indicated that, Addition of compost caused an increase in guaran %, Photosynthetic pigments, Total carbohydrates (%) N, P and K (%) and Protein (%). The maximum level in all previous traits was for the plants growing in the soil fertilized with the highest level of compost (3.75 t/fed.). Using the treatments of vit. C at 50 ppm followed by 5 g/l. active yeast, then vit. E at 10 ppm gave the highest values of all previous traits. The interaction between the two main factors (A×B) was significant for guaran %, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates %, N and P %., The highest values were obtained from the interaction treatments of 3.75 ton/fed., compost in combination with active yeast at 5 g/l. and vit. C at 50 ppm. On the other hand, the interaction between compost, active yeast and vitamins treatments was not significant for protein content (%). We conclude that supply guar plants with compost at 3.75 ton/fed., and spraying plants with either active yeast at 5 g/l. or ascorbic acid (vit. C) at 50 ppm to improve the values of some chemical constituents under investigation condition.


INTRODUCTION
Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, L. Taub.(cluster bean vegetable), an annual summer adapted well to arid and semi-arid climatic zones 65 [1].It is also known as saline and drought resistant plant; it belongs to Family Fabaceae [2].Guar is known and grown in Egypt as forage crop.Primarily, its green manure and seed production have considered as animal nutritive substances as its protein content 16 %.Recently, the interest has expanded to use a source of glactomannan gum.The endosperm containts guaran gum (20-30 %), a polymer of glactose (36 %) and manose (64 %), known as glactomannan [3].The gum is used in food industry [4], it can also be used for treating diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, glycosuria and hyperlipopropteinemia and the seeds are used as a laxative [5].Recently, the interest has extended to be use as a source of galactomannan gum.Organic manures are important for medicinal plants to produce the best product in both quantity and quality and it is also very safe for human health and environment [6].Composts are ecofriendly organic supplements which are not harmful for even soil microbiota [7].Recently, great attention has been focused on the possibility of using natural substances, i.e. vitamins (E or B1 or C) and yeast in order to improve plant growth, flowering, fruit setting and yield.
Alpha-tocopherols (vitamin E), are secondary metabolites which protects plants from various abiotic stresses [8,9].Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential for the synthesis of succinyl-Co-A and glycerin and for the reaction of them to form aminolevulinic acid [10], the main intermediate for formation of protoprophyrin in the precursor of chlorophyll [11] and a factor in the decarboxylation of pyruvate.In addition, various physiological processes depend more or less on the availability of vitamin B [12].Moreover, [13] obtained pronounced increments in lemongrass yield, vegetative growth, as well as, essential oil percentage due to applying thiamine.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) an important antioxidant in plants which helps the plants to overcome stressful conditions [14].In addition, yeast extract is a source of many natural plant growth substances (cytokinins), large amount of vitamin B and most of nutritional elements (P, K, S, Na, Ca and Mg), as well as, organic compound (high protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids) [15].Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of organic manure (compost) and some natural substances (vitamin E, B1 and C, as well as, active yeast) treatments on some chemical constituents of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, L. plant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present work was concluded at the Floriculture Nursery, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University during the two successive seasons of 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of compost in combination with active yeast and some vitamins on growth, yield and guaran content of guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Taub.).Table (1) shows the physical and chemical properties of the used soil in both seasons.
The layout of this experiment during both seasons was split plot design with three replicates.The main-plots included four compost treatments (0, 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75 ton/feddan.), while the sub-plots were devoted to nine treatments; control, α-tocopherol (vit.E.) at 10 and 20 ppm, thiamine (vit.B1) at 25 and 50 ppm, ascorbic acid (vit.C) at 50 and 100 ppm and active yeast (AY) at 2.5 and 5 g/l.Compost were added during soil preparation for cultivation in both seasons.The physical and chemical properties of the used compost are shown in table (2).
The plants were harvested of the fourth week of September in both seasons and the following data were recorded during the two seasons.

Guaran determinations
Concerning guaran determination of oven-dried seeds were determined according to [16].

Pigments determination
The contents of photosynthetic pigments namely; chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (mg/g f. w.) of fresh leaves were determined according to [17] using the spectrophotometer at wave length of 656, 665 and 452.5 µm, respectively.

Total carbohydrates percentage
Total carbohydrates including poly-saccharides in dry leaves of each experiment unit were colorimetrically determined with the anthrone sulphuric acid method [18]

N, P and K percentages
A sample weight of 0.2 g fine powder of the dry herb was digested using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (4:10).The clear digestion was quantitively 100 ml volumetric flask.In this solution, the following elements were determined: Nitrogen (%) was determined according to the modified Microkjeldahle method as described by [19].Phosphorus (%) was determined colorimetrically by the spectrophotometer at wavelength of 650 µm according to the method of [20].Potassium (%) was determined using flame-photometry method according to [21].Each of vitamins and suspension of yeast were applied by hand sprayer 3 times.The first one was added after 5 w from planting date and two weeks thereafter.The plants were sprayed till run off.All agricultural practices were performed as usual, in the region for the production of guar plants.

Protein percentage
Protein percentage was estimated by multiplying nitrogen percent by 6.25.This was based on the assumption that the protein contains 16 % nitrogen, according to the method of [22].

Statistical analysis
The data of the two seasons were subjected to the statistical analysis of variance using [23].L. SD test at 0.05 was used to compare the means of treatments.

Guaran percentage in the seeds
Regarding compost levels, data presented in table (3) revealed that guaran % in the dry seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, L. was significantly increased as a result of fertilizing plants with all used levels of compost treatments over the control in both seasons.The highest guaran % was obtained due to the treatment of compost at high level (3.75 ton/fed.)followed by the treatment of low level (1.25 ton/fed.) with significant differences detected among themselves in both growing seasons.
The enhancement of guaran % obtained in the present work due to using organic manure was also reported by [24] and [25] on guar plants.
Table (3) indicated that all examined eight treatments of vitamins and active yeast significantly increased guaran percentage in the dry seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, L., except for the treatment of vit.C at 100 ppm in comparison with the control in the two growing seasons.The low concentrations of the three used vitamins treatments proved to be more effective than their high concentrations in this respect.However, active yeast at 5 g/l.was more effective than 2.5 g/l. in improving guaran %.The treatments of active yeast (5 g/l.) followed by vit.C (50 ppm) then B1 (25 ppm) resulted the highest guaran % with significant differences detected among themselves in both seasons.The least guaran % resulted from control treatment.The other treatments gave intermediate values.In this respect, [24 ]on guar plants found that the highest values of guaran % were obtained due to the application of farmyard manure accompanied by Rhizobium and yeast.The interaction between the two main factors (A×B) was significant for guaran % in the second season as illustrated in table (3).The superior interaction treatment over all was compost at high level (3.75 ton/fed.) in combination with active yeast at 5 g/l.

Photosynthetic pigments
The contents of the three studied photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) were significantly enhanced by compost levels (1.25, 2.50 and 3.75 ton/fed.) in the two growing seasons as shown in Tables (4, 5 and 6).However, the maximum values were obtained by high level of compost (3.75 ton/fed.).In regard to the enhancement influence of organic fertilization, the previous results were in agreement with those of [26] on coriander; [27] on Phaseolus vulgaris and [28] on spider plant.Data presented in Tables (4, 5 and 6) showed that all spraying treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents (mg/g.f. w.) over the check treatment.The highest contents of the previous characters resulted from the plants which received active yeast at 5 g/l.followed by vit.C at 50 ppm in both experimental seasons.
The interaction between compost and spraying treatments was significant in both seasons for the three photosynthetic pigments.The highest contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in the fresh leaves of guar plants was obtained from the interaction treatments of 3.75 ton/fed., compost in combination with active yeast at 5 g/l.and vit.C at 50 ppm.Similar results were obtained by [29] on coriander; [30] on black cumin and anise and [31] on sage who found that the interaction between farmyard manure with yeast significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids.Also, [32] on caraway; [33] on fennel and [34] on black cumin recorded that the highest contents of chl.a, b and carotenoids were obtained from the treatment of compost in combination with ascorbic acid.

Total carbohydrates percentage
Data presented in table (7) indicated that supplying guar plants with compost at 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75 ton/fed., resulted in a significant increase in the total carbohydrate percentage in the dry seeds of plant compared to control plants.The increase of carbohydrate % was gradually increased with the gradual increase of compost level in the two experimental seasons.The beneficial effect of organic fertilization on carbohydrate was obtained by [35] on Sideritis monata; [36] on oregano plants; [37] on Lawsonia alba; [38] on Vicia faba; [39] on kidney bean and [40] on sugar beet plant.
Concerning the influence of spraying treatments [(vit.C, E and B1)] and active yeast, each at two concentrations on carbohydrate %, data presented in table (7) showed that all used eight treatments increased the percentage of carbohydrate compared to untreated plants in both seasons.Using the treatments of vit.C at 50 ppm followed by 5 g/l.active yeast, then vit.E at 10 ppm gave the highest values in this concern without significant differences detected among themselves.
Regarding ascorbic acid these results agree with those of [41] on Vicia faba.However, [39 ]on kidney bean; [42] on Vicia faba and [40] on sugar beet, concluded that active yeast increased total carbohydrates in plants.Moreover, [43] on Syngonium podophyllum found that total carbohydrates content was significantly increased when plants were treated with thiamine, ascorbic acid and kinetin.
Regarding interaction between the two main factors (A×B) it significantly increased carbohydrate % in both two seasons as shown in table (7).The highest values were obtained by the interaction treatments of compost (3.75 ton/fed.) in combination with vit.C (50 ppm), active yeast (5 g/l.) or vit.E (10 ppm) during the first season.Moreover, the interaction between high level of compost (3.75 ton/fed.) in combination with any tested spraying treatment, except for vit.C at 100 ppm gave the best interaction treatments.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium %
Data presented in Tables (8, 9 and 10) showed that the increase in N, P and K % in the dry leaves of guar plants was parallel to the increase in compost level.The high level of compost (3.75 ton/fed.)followed by medium level (1.25 ton/fed.)significantly increased N, P and K % in both seasons in comparison with those of control treatment.
Concerning the treatments of vitamins and active yeast, data presented in Tables (8, 9 and 10) clearly revealed that all used treatments considerably increased N, P and K % in the dry levels of guar plants in comparison with control plants during both seasons.Active yeast at high level 5 g/l.followed by ascorbic acid at low concentration (50 ppm) then α-tocopherol at low concentration (10 ppm) gave the highest percentages of N, P and K with non-significant differences among themselves in case of P and K %.The treatment of vit.B1 (25 ppm) gave the second order in this concern.
Many researchers came to similar results that active yeast augmented NPK % in the leaves of different plants such as coriander [49]; [26].Lemongrass [50].Phaseolus vulgaris [51] and [52].Vicia faba [38].The role of vit.C and vit.E in promoting NPK % was also, reported by [53] on sweet pepper and [54] on eggplant.Regarding the effect of vit.C, [55] on black cumin; [56] on tomato and [57] on caraway plants concerning the effect of vit.E.Moreover, [58] on tomato; [43] on syngonium and [59] on snap bean found that spraying plants with vit.B1 increased N, P and K total uptake by plant.
The interaction between the two main factors (A×B) was significant for N and P % in both seasons as shown in data presented in Tables (8, 9 and 10).The highest N and P % was obtained due to compost (3.75 ton/fed.) in combination with active yeast (5 g/l.) followed by vitamin C and E, each at low concentration.
Similar results were obtained by [60] on dill; [61] and [62] on faba bean and [63] on pea, concerning the effect of interaction treatment between organic manures and active.However, [64] on caraway and [65] on black cumin concluded that the highest contents of NPK were obtained in combination treatment of compost with ascorbic acid.

Protein (%)
Data presented in table (11) showed that the in protein % was due to the increase in compost level.All treatments of compost significantly increased protein % in the dry seeds of guar in both seasons in comparison with those of control.Moreover the best treatment which produced the highest values of protein content % was compost at 3.75 ton/fed.The promotive effect of organic manure was found by [24] and [25] on guar; [66] on pigeon pea; [67] on soybean and [48] on roselle plant.

Table 11: Effect of compost, some vitamins and active yeast treatments on protein (%) of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba seeds during 2010 and 2011 seasons
Data presented in table (11) indicated that each of the eight treatments were positively and significantly effective on promoting protein % in the dry seeds of guar in the two seasons, over those of control.The best results were obtained due to the use of active yeast (5 g/l.) followed by vit.E at 10 ppm then vit.C at 50 ppm with significant differences between such three treatments in their capability in increasing the seeds percentage of protein.
Similar results were obtained by [51] and [39] on Phaseolus vulgaris; [42] on Vicia faba and [40] on sugar beet, concerning the effect of active yeast.However, [68] on snap beans reported that vit.E had simulative effect on protein content.Also, [41] on Vicia faba; [69] on Saccharum spp and [70] on Pisum sativum concluded that application of vit.C increased total protein in the seeds.
The interaction between compost, active yeast and vitamins treatments was not significant for protein % during both seasons as shown in table (11).

CONCLUSION
From the obtained results in this work, it could be recommended to supply Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.plants with compost at 3.75 ton/fed., and spraying plants with either active yeast at 5 g/l.or ascorbic acid (vit.C) at 50 ppm to improve guaran production., as well as, enhancing the values of some chemical constituents of guar plant under investigation condition.