Biologically upgraded cocoa pod husk: Effect on growth performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of broiler chickens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21839/jfna.2020.v3.333Keywords:
Cocoa pod husk meal, antioxidant attributes, health monitoring indicesAbstract
A 49 day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of biologically upgraded cocoa pod husk meal (BCPHM) on the growth performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Three experimental diets were formulated at both starter and finisher phases in which BCPHM was added as an active feed ingredient at 0, 10, 20% and designated as diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. One hundred and fifty day old Marshal broiler chicks weighing 39±2.5g/bird were allotted to 3 dietary treatments (10birds/replicate, 50birds/treatment) in a completely randomized design. The Average daily weight gain (ADWG), total weight gain (TWG) and final body weight (FBW) of broiler chicks fed diets containing 10% BCPHM was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than that of control and diet containing 20% BCPHM at starter phase. At finisher phase, the values of ADWG, TWG and FBW were at par with that of control. Feed Intake was seen to increase as BCPHM increased in the diet at finisher phase. Carcass traits, relative internal organ weight, haemato-biochemcal indices of broiler chickens were similar across dietary treatment. Superoxide dimutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) of birds fed control diet were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than those of birds fed BCPHM based diets. Ten percent dietary inclusion of BCPHM appears optimal in broiler diet since beyond this level growth performance declined.
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References
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Omeje, S.I., (1999). Issues in Animal Science. 1st Edn., Raykennedy Scientific Pub., Enugu, Nigeria.
Omoikhoje, S.O., Obasoyo, D.O and Okungbowa, S.U. (2010) Response of broiler chickens to dietary levels of roasted fluted pumpkin pod husk waste meal. Journal of Applied Science, 4(3), 2113-2124.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding parent stock. Zotecnica International, 22-24.
Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Hafeman, D.G., Hoekstra, W.G. (1973). Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179, 588 – 590.
Teguia, A., Endeley, H.N.L and Beynen, A.C. (2004). Broiler performance upon dietary substitution with treated cocoa bean cake for broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 39, 519-523.
Tuleun, C.D. and Igba, F. (2007). Growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed water soaked and cooked velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) meal. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual NSAP Conference, March 18-21, 2007, Calabar, Nigeria, 240-243.
Wan, Y., Vinson, J.A., Etherton, T.D., Proch, J., Lazarus, S.A. and Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2001). Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(5), 596–602.
Vriesmann, L.C., Teófilo, R.F., Lúcia de Oliveira, C. and Petkowicz, M. (2012). Extraction and characterization of pectin from cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) with citric acid, LWT. Food Science and Technology, 49, 108–116.
Yenesew, A., Agraw, A., Yihenew, G. and Dessalegn, M. (2005). Poultry Production Manual. Bahir Dar University Capacity Building for Scaling up of Evidence Best Practices in Agricultural Production in Ethiopia (ADUCASCADE) working paper 14, 17.
Adegbenro, M., Oyedun, O.I. and Aletor, V.A. (2020). Evaluation of bread waste fortified with moringa leaf meal on performance and health status of broiler chickens. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 42(2), 152-160.
Adeneye, A.A., Ajagbonna, O.P., Adeleke, T.I. and Bello S.O. (2006). Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(3), 374-379.
Adeyeye, S.A., Agbede, J.O., Aletor, V.A. and Oloruntola, O.D. (2017). Processed Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Pod Husks in Rabbits Diet: Effect on Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 2(4), 1-9.
Adeyeye, S.O., Ayodele, S., Oloruntola, O.D. and Agbede, J. (2019). Processed cocoa pod husk dietary inclusion: Effects on the performance, carcass, haematogram, biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme and histology of the liver and kidney in broiler chicken. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43, 54.
Aebi, H. (1974). Catalase estimation In: Bergmeyer HV (ed.). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Verlag Chemic, New York. 21, 673-84.
Akinmutimi, A.H. (2004). Effect of cooking periods on the nutrient composition of Mucuna utilis seeds. Nigerian Poultry Science Journal, 2(3), 45-51.
Ankrah, A., Donkoh, A., Abando- sam, E.A. and Okrah, D. (2015). Haematological Response of layers fed with dietary containing pito Mash treated cocoa pod Husk Ash Extract. Advanced studies in Biology, 7(3), 121-129.
Anon. (2000). Guide to the care and use of experimental animals Vol. 1. (Canadian council on animal care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). 85-90.
AOAC. (1995). Official methods of Analysis (15th ed). Association of Official Analytical Chemist.
Belewu, M., Adekola, F., Adebayo, G., Ameen, M., Muhammed, N., Olaniyan, A., Adekola, O. and Musa, A. (2010). Physico – Chemical characteristics of Oil and Biodiesel from Nigerian and Indian Jatropha curcas Seeds. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Science, 4(2), 524-529.
Bentil, J.A., Dzogbefia, V.P. and Alemawor, F. (2015). Enhancement of the nutritive value of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean shells for use as feed for animals through a two stage solid state fermentation with Plerotus ostreatus and Aspergillus niger. International Journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 3(2), 20-30.
Doyle D. (2006). William Hewson (1739-74). The father of haematology. British Journal of Haematology, 133(4), 375-381.
Etuk, E.B. and Udedibie, A.B.I. (2006). Dressed and internal organ weights of broilers fed toasted pigeon pea seed meal diet. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 6(1), 92-97.
Jimoh, A.A. , Ayedun, E.S., Oyelade, W.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Daramola, O.T., Ayodele, S.O. and Omoniyi, I.S. (2018). Protective effect of soursop (Annona muricata linn.) juice on oxidative stress in heat stressed rabbits. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 60, 28.
Kim, Y.I., Lee, Y.H., Kim, K.H., Oh, Y.K., Moon, Y.H. and Kwak, W.S. (2012). Effects of supplementing microbially-fermented spent mushroom substrates on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers (a field study). Asian Australas Journal of Animal Science, 25, 1575–1581.
Kolawole, A.K. (2016). Effect of Organic Turmeric Supplemented-diet in Rabbits Acutely Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation: Oxidative Stress in the Blood. Anatomical Physiology, 6, 229.
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, I. (1972). The univalent reduction of oxygen by flavins and quinines. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247, 188-192.
National Research Council. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. pp. 174.
Nortey, T.N., Ewusi, I., Kpogo, L.A., Oddoye, E.O.K and Naazie, A. (2015). Cocoa pod husk with enzyme supplementation is a potential feed ingredient in broiler diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27 (5).
Oboh G. and Rocha J.B. (2007). Distribution and antioxidant activity of polyphenols in ripe and unripe tree pepper (Capsicum pubescens). Journal of Food Biochemistry, 31, 456-473.
Ofosua, A., Kwabena, O., Samuel, F.M., Mariam, E.L., Boakye-Gyasi, C.S. and Mike, P. (2016). Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk Pectin Intended as a Versatile Pharmaceutical Excipient and Nutraceutical. Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1, 1-12.
Olubamiwa, O., Soetan, O.A., Olamijulo, O.A., Hamzat, R.A. and Longe, O.G. (2002). Utilization of variously treated cocoa bean shells in layer mash. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference, Nigeria Society of Animal Production (NSAP) March 17-21, 2002, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, pp 267-269.
Olugosi, O.A., Agbede, J.O., Adebayo, I.A., Onibi, G.E. and Ayeni, O.A. (2019). Nutritional enhancement of cocoa pod husk meal through fermentation using Rhizopus stolonifer. African Journal of Biotechnology, 18(30), 901-908.
Omeje, S.I., (1999). Issues in Animal Science. 1st Edn., Raykennedy Scientific Pub., Enugu, Nigeria.
Omoikhoje, S.O., Obasoyo, D.O and Okungbowa, S.U. (2010) Response of broiler chickens to dietary levels of roasted fluted pumpkin pod husk waste meal. Journal of Applied Science, 4(3), 2113-2124.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding parent stock. Zotecnica International, 22-24.
Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Hafeman, D.G., Hoekstra, W.G. (1973). Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179, 588 – 590.
Teguia, A., Endeley, H.N.L and Beynen, A.C. (2004). Broiler performance upon dietary substitution with treated cocoa bean cake for broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 39, 519-523.
Tuleun, C.D. and Igba, F. (2007). Growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed water soaked and cooked velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) meal. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual NSAP Conference, March 18-21, 2007, Calabar, Nigeria, 240-243.
Wan, Y., Vinson, J.A., Etherton, T.D., Proch, J., Lazarus, S.A. and Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2001). Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(5), 596–602.
Vriesmann, L.C., Teófilo, R.F., Lúcia de Oliveira, C. and Petkowicz, M. (2012). Extraction and characterization of pectin from cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) with citric acid, LWT. Food Science and Technology, 49, 108–116.
Yenesew, A., Agraw, A., Yihenew, G. and Dessalegn, M. (2005). Poultry Production Manual. Bahir Dar University Capacity Building for Scaling up of Evidence Best Practices in Agricultural Production in Ethiopia (ADUCASCADE) working paper 14, 17.
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